Targeting female reproduction in insects with biorational insecticides for pest management: a critical review with suggestions for future research

Of the different approaches to pest control, use of juvenile hormone analogs (e.g. methoprene), molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone) analogs (e.g. tebufenozide) and chitin synthesis inhibitors (e.g. diflubenzuron) has dominated this field. Since they adversely interfere with the normal growth and development in one way or another, they have been collectively called as ‘insect growth regulators’ or IGRs. A lesser known fact is that they all have deleterious effects on reproduction as well as act as ovicides. The raison d’etre for this review is to summarize what we have learnt during the last 3-4 decades in the use of these IGRs, how they affect insect reproduction and how we can apply this knowledge to control pest insects. Finally, we present, information on the state of the art use of molecular technologies such as RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 applications for pest management targeting insect reproduction.