Scholarly Literature
This is an aggregation of scholarly literature from peer-reviewed journals, bioRxiv , medRxiv and arXiv preprint servers focused on natural and engineered selfish genetic elements and genetic biocontrol. New citations are added as they appear. This content is intended for anyone interested in the scholarly literature on gene drive and genetic biocontrol.
Exploratory conversations with biodiversity-oriented civil society groups on the potential applications of gene drive-modified mosquitoes for malaria control in Tanzania
Tags: Africa, Biodiversity/Conservation, Gene drive, Mosquitoes, Stakeholder engagementFinda, M.F., Sambo, M., Malika, G. et al., Transgenic Res, 35. 2026.
Gene drive-modified mosquitoes (GDMMs) are gaining attention as sustainable tools to complement existing malaria control strategies. Their ability to self-propagate and spread through wild mosquito populations offers the promise of low-cost, long-lasting impact, but also raises ...
Selfish chromosomes exploit a germline checkpoint to eliminate competing gametes
Tags: Fruit fly, Selfish genetic elementsRidges, J.T., Bladen, J., King, T.D. et al., Nature, 2026.
Spermatid individualization is a common stage of spermiogenic failure suggesting that a male germline checkpoint may act at this stage during sperm development in Drosophila. However, the molecular identity of such a male germline checkpoint has remained elusive. Here, we show ...
Wolbachia for malaria control
Tags: Anopheles, Malaria, Vector control, WolbachiaZhang, Xinmi et al., Trends in Parasitology, 2026.
Malaria remains a major public health concern, and traditional vector control methods face growing challenges, underscoring the need for novel strategies. The success of Wolbachia-based dengue control, together with the establishment ...
Sterile insect technique reduces cabbage maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) infestation in root crucifers in Canada
Tags: Agriculture, North America, Other arthropods, Other invertebrates, Pest management, Sterile insect technique (SIT)Anne-Marie Fortier, Allen Bush-Beaupré, Jade Savage, et al., Journal of Economic Entomology, 118:2710–2717. 2026.
The cabbage maggot (Delia radicum (L.)) is a major pest of brassica vegetables in Canada that has traditionally been managed with soil-applied insecticides. However, recent regulatory restrictions on key products such as chlorpyrifos have created a pressing need for alternative ...
Behavior modification in fruit flies through male annihilation technique: field applications, olfactory mechanisms, and future directions
Tags: CRISPR, Fruit fly, Genetic biocontrol, Genomics, Pest managementLiu, Wei; Zhang, Sijia; Wang, Guirong, Entomologia Generalis, 45:1565 - 1576. 2026.
The male annihilation technique (MAT), as a method of insect behavior manipulation, is an environmentally friendly approach that has been successfully applied in over 150 fruit fly eradication programs worldwide. Despite their effectiveness in integrated pest management programs, ...
Increasing the effective gene drive homing rate by targeting the haploinsufficient spermatogenesis gene KLHL10
Tags: CRISPR, Gene drive syntheticCeili L. Peng, W. Sebastian Kamau, Julien Freeman, et al., bioRxiv, 2026.
CRISPR-based gene drives represent a powerful new technology for limiting disease transmission and controlling invasive populations. These systems rely on homology-directed repair (HDR) to ‘drive’ a genetic element through a population. However, mammals tend to favor ...
From song to stories: assessing the impact of exposure to arts-based community engagement tools in shaping knowledge, attitudes, and acceptability toward the Sterile Insect Technique for malaria control in South Africa
Tags: Africa, Malaria, South Africa, Stakeholder engagement, Sterile insect technique (SIT)Manana, P.N., Jewett, S. & Munhenga, G., Malaria Journal, 24. 2026.
Community engagement (CE) is essential for public health interventions. This is particularly important when introducing novel technologies, such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), that require strong community understanding and acceptance. Against this background, arts-based ...
Monitoring the Capacity of Microsporidia MB Transgenerational Spread in Anopheles arabiensis Populations
Tags: Anopheles, Field trials, Mosquitoes, Other SymbiontsBoanyah, G. Y., Koekemoer, L. L., Herren, J. K., & Bukhari, T., Insects, 16. 2026.
Microsporidia MB is a natural symbiont of Anopheles arabiensis Patton, 1905 that blocks Plasmodium transmission without compromising mosquito fitness. Developing this symbiont for malaria control requires a thorough understanding of its transmission dynamics across ...
Genetic Biocontrol Strategy Considerations for Mosquito Control in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories
Tags: Asia, Genetic biocontrol, Mosquitoes, Oceania, Stakeholder engagement, Vector controlAdam E. Vorsino, Tim Harvey-Samuel, Limb K. Hapairai, et al., Current Opinion in Insect Science, 2026.
Mosquito-borne diseases pose an existential threat to the health, economies, and unique ecosystems of Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). The remoteness of these islands, combined with the presence of highly competent mosquito vectors, complicates disease ...
Genetic Allee Effects for Controlling Invasive Populations
Tags: Invasive species, Modeling, Pest managementLouis Nowell Nicolle, Alex Fournier-Level, Charles Robin, et al., Molecular Ecology, 2026.
Invasive pests threaten food security and devastate ecosystems. A universal problem in their management is that small populations can easily evade detection. This makes identifying new incursions challenging and complicates efforts to eradicate or contain established populations. ...
The role of toxin/antidote genes in the maintenance and evolution of accessory chromosomes in Fusarium
Tags: Gene drive, Toxin-antidote, Yeast and FungiLinnea Sandell, Adrian Forsythe, Anna Mirandola, et al., Genetics, 231. 2025.
The genomic diversity of many fungal species is augmented by accessory chromosomes, which are variably present in individual strains. These genomic regions evolve rapidly, accumulating genes important in pathogenicity but also harbor a significant number of transposable elements. ...
Evolutionary persistence and divergence of the tdk killer meiotic driver family
Tags: Selfish genetic elementsFan-Yi Zhang, Guo-Song Jia, Jing-Yi Ren, et al., bioRxiv, 2025.
Killer meiotic drivers (KMDs) are selfish genetic elements that achieve super-Mendelian inheritance by selectively eliminating gametes lacking the driver. Although predicted to arise recurrently, KMDs are generally considered evolutionarily ephemeral—going extinct after ...
Wolbachia as a transformative tool for mosquito-borne disease control: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, efficacy, and future directions
Tags: Arbovirus, Biological control, Resistance, Vector control, WolbachiaMinaei, M. E., Yousefi Nojookambari, N., Ghodraty, M., & Yazdansetad, S., Pathogens and Global Health, 2025.
Mosquito-borne infectious diseases such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and malaria continue to pose significant public health challenges worldwide. Traditional control methods, including the use of insecticides and environmental management, have shown limited effectiveness due to ...
Analysis of a household-scale model for the invasion of Wolbachia into a resident mosquito population
Tags: Aedes, Modeling, Population genetics/dynamics, WolbachiaBarlow, A., Penington, S. & Adams, B., Journal of Mathematical Biology, 92. 2025.
In areas infested with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes it may be possible to control dengue, and some other vector-borne diseases, by introducing Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes into the wildtype population. Thus far, empirical and theoretical studies of Wolbachia release have tended to ...
A target product profile for a rapid diagnostic test to monitor mosquito gene drive presence and frequency
Tags: Field trials, Gene drive, Genetically modified mosquitoes, Monitoring & Surveillance, Mosquitoes, RegulationPrateek Verma, Sebald Verkuijl, Calvin K. Yee, et al., bioRxiv, 2025.
Malaria remains a major global health challenge, with over 263 million cases and nearly 600,000 deaths reported in 2023, the majority in sub-Saharan Africa. While conventional interventions such as insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying and antimalarial drugs have ...
Strategies to improve the efficiency of homing gene drives with multiplexed gRNAs
Tags: CRISPR, Pest management, ResistanceChen, W., Wu, P. & Champer, J., BMC Biol, 24. 2025.
CRISPR homing gene drive holds great potential for pest control, but its success is challenged by the generation of resistance alleles through end-joining repair. Using multiple gRNAs to target adjacent sites within a conserved gene can prevent functional resistance by allowing ...
Improving Wolbachia-based control programs in urban settings: Insights from spatial modeling
Tags: Aedes, Modeling, Vector control, WolbachiaFlorez D, Cortez R, Hyman JM, Qu Z, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 19. 2025.
Arboviral diseases remain a major public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where mosquito populations thrive. One promising strategy to curb transmission is the release of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia, a bacterium that reduces ...
Homing gene drive strains for genetic suppression of agricultural insect pests
Tags: Agriculture, CRISPR, Fruit fly, Moths, Pest management, Population suppressionYadav, Amarish K.; Tarrand, Ariel E.; Scott, Maxwell J., Entomologia Generalis, 45:1577 - 1590. 2025.
Agricultural insect pests cause substantial losses in crop productivity each year. Genetic-based strategies provide economical and environmentally friendly ways to limit pests that reproduce sexually. In contrast to conventional genetic methods (e.g. SIT), homing gene drives ...
A temperature-sensitive CRISPR-Cas12a system for sterile insect technique
Tags: CRISPR, Sterile insect technique (SIT)Nguyen, C., Omotayo, A.I., Sanz Juste, S. et al., Nature Communications, 16. 2025.
The sterile insect technique (SIT) reduces population numbers by releasing sterile males that produce non-viable progeny. Specifically, CRISPR/Cas9-based precision-guided SIT (pgSIT) generates sterile males through genetic crosses of two transgenic lines: a Cas9 strain and a ...
Variants in Cas9 and nanos regulatory elements modulate activity and reduce resistance allele formation in homing gene drive
Tags: CRISPR, Fruit fly, Gene drive, ResistanceRuizhi Zhou, Jie Du, Nicky R. Faber, Jackson Champer, bioRxiv, 2025.
Gene drive is a novel approach for controlling vector borne disease via either population modification or suppression. Even with high efficiency, though, overall drive performance can be reduced by somatic Cas9 expression and by maternal deposition of Cas9, leading to resistance ...
Inhibiting invasive fish reproduction via germ cell xenotransplantation and hybrid lethality
Tags: Fish, Invasive speciesAmano, Y., Baba, H., Kishi, D. et al., Scientific Reports, 15. 2025.
Invasive alien fish constitute a major problem in the conservation of aquatic ecosystems. The most common method of exterminating invasive fish is physical capture by fishing gear; however, it is extremely difficult to eradicate them. Here, we developed a novel methodology to ...
Integrating mosquito genomics into simulation modeling: Opportunities for better-informed biocontrol
Tags: Field trials, Genetic biocontrol, Modeling, Mosquitoes, Risk assessmentGordana Rašić, John M. Marshall, Current Opinion in Insect Science, 2025.
Mosquito-borne diseases remain a major global health burden, and novel biocontrol tools are quickly advancing from the laboratory to the field. Mathematical models play a central role in evaluating these interventions, yet their predictive accuracy depends on robust ...
Synthetic biology approaches to generate temperature-sensitive alleles for the Sterile Insect Technique
Tags: Sex distorter, Sterile insect technique (SIT), Synthetic biologyChun Yin Leung, Ernst A. Wimmer, Hassan M. M. Ahmed, Insect Science, 2025.
The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is an environmentally friendly, sustainable pest control approach, which uses large-scale releases of sterile insects to suppress or eradicate target populations through infertile matings. The efficiency of SIT is enhanced by male-only releases ...
Effect of male age at the time of irradiation on the sexual performance of sterile Ceratitis capitata males: insights from remating female offspring
Tags: Fruit fly, Irradiation method, Sterile insect technique (SIT)Edwin Mauricio Ramírez-Santos, Pedro Alfonso Rendón Arana, et al., Insect Science, 2025.
The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is an effective strategy for controlling insect pests, such as the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata, Wiedemann). The effectiveness of the SIT depends on the ability of the sterile males to mate and their capacity to induce sterility ...
Suitability of a chilled environmental box of the Precision X-RAD 320 cabinet style irradiator for the irradiation of mosquitoes and tsetse in the context of the sterile insect technique
Tags: Aedes, Anopheles, Insects, Sterile insect technique (SIT)Hanano Yamada, Bénéwendé Aristide Kaboré, Samar Eisa, et al., Journal of Economic Entomology, 2025.
A cabinet-style small animal X-irradiator outfitted with an environmental chamber which can provide a consistent, chilled environment during irradiation was tested to sterilize the human and animal disease vectors Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae), Anopheles ...
Impact of long-term mass-rearing on the genetic structure of tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensis colonies
Tags: Africa, Insects, Sterile insect technique (SIT)Kiswend-sida M. Dera, Soumaïla Pagabeleguem, Tito Tresor Melachio Tanekou, et al., Insect Science, 32. 2025.
Tsetse flies are the sole cyclic vectors of African trypanosomes, which cause human and animal African trypanosomiases in Africa. Tsetse fly control remains a promising option for disease management. The sterile insect technique (SIT) stands as an environmentally friendly tool to ...
The nanosd integral gene drive enables population modification of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae
Tags: Anopheles, Gene drive, Genetic biocontrol, Malaria, Population modification/replacement, Synthetic biologyPei-Shi Yen, Sebald A N R Verkuijl, Paolo Capriotti, et al., G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics, 2025.
The modification of mosquito populations at scale through CRISPR-Cas9-mediated homing gene drives is a promising route for malaria vector control. Integral gene drives (IGDs) are designed to utilise the regulatory sequences of endogenous genes to reduce the size of the ...
SIT-ia: A Software-Hardware System to Improve Male Sorting Efficacy for the Sterile Insect Technique
Tags: Artificial Intelligence, Pest management, Sterile insect technique (SIT)de la Vega, G., Smith, L., Soria-Mercier, L., et al., Insects, 16. 2025.
This research addresses a challenge in using the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), an eco-friendly pest control method. For SIT to work, only sterile male insects can be released, but sorting males from females by hand is slow and laborious. The study introduces a new automated ...
Highlight: Self-limiting gene drive suppresses malaria mosquitoes
Tags: Gene drive, Malaria, Mosquitoes, Self limitingGorm Palmgren, CRISPR Medicine News, 2025.
Malaria claimed over 600,000 lives in 2022, with Anopheles gambiae serving as one of the most efficient vectors in sub-Saharan Africa, where approximately 96% of malaria deaths occur. The emergence of insecticide resistance threatens progress in disease control, prompting the ...
A male-drive female-sterile system for the self-limited control of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae
Tags: Anopheles, Genetically modified mosquitoes, Modeling, Population suppression, Vector controlStrampelli, A., Willis, K., Gulliford, H.R. et al., Nature Communications, 16. 2025.
Despite great leaps forward in preventing and treating malaria, several challenges, including insecticide resistance, have hindered progress in fighting the disease. Thus, there is a pressing need for new tools to control malaria, including the use of genetically modified ...
Developing Y chromosome sex ratio distorters in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster
Tags: CRISPR, Fruit fly, Sex distorter, Y-chromosomeYael Arien, Chen Zacharia, Elad Yonah, et al., bioRxiv, 2025.
CRISPR-Cas9 sex ratio distortion (SRD) systems can suppress insect populations by biasing progeny toward males, but realizing such systems requires reliable Cas9 expression from insect Y chromosomes. Here, we tested whether the spermatocyte-specific betaTub85D promoter can ...
Successful suppression of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) with the sterile insect technique also results in larger female mosquitoes
Tags: Aedes, Sterile insect technique (SIT)Katherine G Evans, Rachel Morreale, Steven Stenhouse, et al., Journal of Medical Entomology, 2025.
Sterile insect technique (SIT) is an effective method for controlling pests and has been increasing in popularity to control Aedes mosquitoes. SIT involves inundating an area with sterilized male mosquitoes to reduce egg hatch by reducing the number of fertile matings and ...
Intermittent releases: a modelling approach for sterile insect technique in mosquito control
Tags: Modeling, Mosquitoes, Sterile insect technique (SIT)Bhattacharyya, J., Banerjee, M. & Banerjee, S, Journal of Mathematical Biology, 91. 2025.
An unconventional and environmentally friendly mosquito management approach offers a sustainable solution that protects both the environment and human health. One such method is the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which holds promise as a mosquito control strategy by releasing ...
Selection, counterselection, and conditional gene expression for genetic biocontrol of insects
Tags: Genetic biocontrol, Insects, Pest managementMelanie Hempel, Zhijian Tu, Insect Science, 2025.
Genetic biocontrol methods are species-specific ways to suppress or modify pest insect populations to mitigate their economic or health impact. Successful genetic biocontrol often requires mass releases of only males of the target species. Reliable and cost-effective sex ...
Pervasive suppressors halt the spread of selfish Segregation Distorter in a natural population
Tags: Fruit fly, Selfish genetic elements, X chromosomeChing-Ho Chang, Tyler Handler, Nick Fuda, et al., bioRxiv, 2025.
Meiotic drivers are selfish genetic elements that subvert Mendelian inheritance to increase their own transmission, yet they are typically found at low frequencies across natural populations. The factors that limit their spread remain unclear. To investigate this paradox, we ...
Exploring experts’ uncertainties about gene drive technology for agricultural pest control in the U.S.: a qualitative study to inform innovation and decision-making
Tags: Agriculture, Gene drive, Genetic engineering, Pest management, Regulation, Stakeholder engagementBarry, N., Barnhill, S.K. & Johnson, B.B., Environment Systems and Decisions, 45. 2025.
As experts consider what it might look like for gene drives to manage agricultural pests, there remain several uncertainties across a broad range of issues, including technical, ecological, regulatory, and social implications. Drawing on 25 expert interviews, we parse out these ...
Requirements for designing cluster randomised control trials to detect suppression of malaria vector population densities
Tags: Field trials, Mosquitoes, Vector controlHancock, P.A., Hui, TY.J., Epopa, P.S. et al., BMC Biology, 23. 2025.
Novel interventions for mosquito-borne disease control which release modified mosquitoes that are sterilised or genetically modified to cause offspring inviability are progressing towards field applications. Cluster randomised control trials (CRCTs) could provide robust ...
Engineering gene drive docking sites in a haplolethal locus in Anopheles gambiae
Tags: Anopheles, Evolution, Gene drive, GenomicsSmidler, A.L., Marrogi, E.A., Scott, S. et al., Scientific Reports, 15. 2025.
Gene drives are selfish genetic elements which promise to be powerful tools in the fight against vector-borne diseases such as malaria. We previously proposed population replacement gene drives designed to better withstand the evolution of resistance by homing through haplolethal ...
Finding the perfect promoter: Correlating single-cell transcriptome data with gene drive performance
Tags: CRISPR, Gene driveYingke Wu, Yunchen Xia, Ziyin Yao, et al., bioRxiv, 2025.
Gene drive can control pathogen transmission or suppress vector populations by spreading drive alleles with super-Mendelian inheritance. CRISPR homing drive currently represents the most powerful type, and regulating Cas9 expression with specific promoters has been effective for ...
CRISPR/Cas9-germline editing of Biomphalaria glabrata: A breakthrough in genetic modification of snails that transmit schistosomiasis
Tags: CRISPR, Genetically modified organisms, Other invertebrates, Vector controlKouhei Oonuma et al., Science Advances, 11. 2025.
Human schistosomiasis remains one of the most devastating parasitic diseases worldwide, and the development of genetically modified vector snails has long been a goal in the field. Here, we report the successful creation of genetically modified Biomphalaria glabrata, an ...
Systemic tumor-targeting gene drive vectors proactively eliminate drug resistance in solid tumors
Tags: Gene drive, ResistanceScott M Leighow, Michael Hemann, Justin Robert Pritchard, bioRxiv, 2025.
While targeted therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, drug resistance remains a major barrier to their curative potential. We recently demonstrated biological proof-of-concept for selection gene drive circuits, a technology that overwrites disease evolution to ...
Bacteria-mediated dsRNA delivery for mosquito-borne virus control
Tags: Arbovirus, Mosquitoes, Other Symbionts, Vector controlMine Altinli, Sean P. Leonard, Alain Kohl, et al., Trends in Parasitology, 41:880-893. 2025.
Mosquito-borne viruses represent an increasing global public health threat, exacerbated by urbanisation and climate change, thus making effective mosquito control essential. RNA interference (RNAi), a sequence-specific gene regulation mechanism, can be a flexible vector control ...
Wolbachia-Based biocontrol of Aedes aegypti: Current Progress, Challenges, and future prospects
Tags: Aedes, Biological control, Cytoplasmic incompatibility, wo, WolbachiaAshif Ahamed, Safdar Ali, Mehboob Hoque, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2025.
Wolbachia is used as potential bio-control tool to reduce the dengue mosquitoes and also to reduce dengue virus (DENV) load in transinfected Aedes aegypti. Different field trials including the ones by the World Mosquito Program (WMP) have deployed Wolbachia carrying DENV ...
The Stellate meiotic drive system of Drosophila melanogaster is active in contemporary populations
Tags: Fruit fly, Selfish genetic elements, Y-chromosomeBenjamin K McCormick, Daniel A Barbash, Andrew G Clark, bioRxiv, 2025.
Meiotic drivers are selfish elements that bias their own transmission so that they are overrepresented among the functional gametes produced. The selective costs imposed by drivers on their hosts may trigger intragenomic conflict, promoting the evolution of suppressors and ...
Impact of larval diet on fitness outcomes of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with wAlbB and wMelM
Tags: Aedes, Mosquitoes, WolbachiaMd Yatim, M.F., Ross, P.A., Gu, X. et al., Parasites Vectors, 18. 2025.
Releases of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti are being used to effectively control diseases caused by arboviruses, such as dengue. A well-balanced larval diet is essential for producing Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes with optimal fitness for release. In this study, four diets ...
D. melanogaster meiotic driver Stellate compromises sperm development by impeding nuclear envelope remodeling
Tags: Fruit fly, Selfish genetic elements, Y-chromosomeXuefeng M Meng, Yukiko M Yamashita, bioRxiv, 2025.
Meiotic drive is a phenomenon that violates Mendels Law of Equal Segregation, leading to biased transmission of the meiotic driver to the offspring. D. melanogaster Stellate (Ste) is an X-linked meiotic driver that preferentially harms Y-chromosome-bearing spermatids, thereby ...
Dispersal and survival of gamma-irradiated Culex quinquefasciatus: Implications for sterile insect technique applications
Tags: Culex, Population suppression, Sterile insect technique (SIT), Vector controlNungki Hapsari Suryaningtyas, Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo, Beni Ernawan, et al., Open Veterinary Journal, 15:3054-3062. 2025.
Culex quinquefasciatus is a major vector of filariasis and other mosquito-borne diseases. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been widely used to suppress mosquito populations, but its effectiveness depends on the dispersal, survival, and competitiveness of sterile males. This ...
Estimated cost and operational structure of pgSIT malaria vector control programs in selected West African countries
Tags: Africa, Anopheles, CRISPR, Genetic biocontrol, Modeling, Sterile insect technique (SIT)William A.C. Gendron, Robyn Raban, Agastya Mondal, et al., Scientific African, 29. 2025.
Malaria control has primarily been achieved through vector control, but current methods are insufficient to achieve elimination. Precision guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT) is a mosquito suppression technique that generates sterile male mosquitoes for mass release. Our ...
The impact of sterile insect technique processes on the performance of tephritid flies
Tags: Fruit fly, Insects, Sterile insect technique (SIT)Mayren Sánchez-Rosario, Jorge Toledo, Walther Enkerlin, Insect Science, 2025.
The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a pest control method that has been successful in controlling various species of fruit flies of economic importance worldwide. However, SIT procedures can affect the performance of mass-reared sterile fruit flies, compromising the SIT ...
The role of the transformer gene in sex determination and its employment in CRISPR/Cas9-based homing gene drive in the global fruit pest Drosophila suzukii
Tags: CRISPR, Gene drive synthetic, Insects, Population suppression, Sex distorterDan Deng, Xueying Yi, Wen Wen, Liuqing He, Wei Peng, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 184. 2025.
Sex determination of Diptera is established by the cascade genes such as transformer (tra), though the primary signals for sex determination differ among different insects. Here, we report the isolation, expression and function of tra gene in an invasive pest, Drosophila ...
