Keywords: Stakeholder engagement
Imperial College London hosts West African journalists for science media programme
35528Nana Appiah Acquaye, Tech Review Africa, 2026-03-28 08:17:45.
Imperial College London has hosted a delegation of journalists from Ghana and Nigeria under the UK-Ghana Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) Media Capacity Programme. The initiative, supported by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, the British High Commission Accra, and UK in Nigeria, aims to strengthen science communication and reporting capacity among African media professionals. During their visit to Imperial’s South Kensington campus, the journalists engaged with researchers working on advanced innovations including digital diagnostics, gene drive technology to combat malaria through Transmission Zero, and sustainable energy solutions under the DIGIBAT project. At the White City campus, the delegation met innovators in sustainable plastic development at Polymateria and explored emerging trends in agritech, areas expected to shape future science reporting. The group also interacted with Ofosua Adi-Dako of the University of Ghana, currently serving as a Global Faculty Fellow at Imperial’s I-X initiative, where she is advancing pharmacology research using artificial intelligence. The programme included workshops on science journalism and engagement with researchers, concluding with a media briefing by Imperial College President Hugh Brady. Organisers say the engagement is expected to strengthen collaboration between researchers and media practitioners, enhancing the quality and impact of science communication in West Africa.
Ifakara’s Transmission Zero team convenes stakeholders to review project progress
35524Ifakara Health Institute, 2026-03-19 09:32:34.
The Transmission Zero Program’s team at the Ifakara Health Institute hosted key stakeholders from government and research institutions in Dar es Salaam on March 17-18, to review progress and strengthen collaboration on the Transmission Zero project, an international research programme working to develop innovative genetic tools to stop malaria transmission. The project is African-led by Scientists from Ifakara Health Institute in collaboration with Imperial College London in the United Kingdom, National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania and Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute in Switzerland. This collaborative model is paramount in ensuring sustainable capacity strengthening through infrastructure development, and knowledge and technology outputs. The meeting brought together members of the National Biosafety Committee (NBC) and ministerial authorities, and representatives from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to discuss program progress, challenges and considerations for introducing the program at scale.
Emerging trends in genome editing of wild animals
35453Blix, T., Myhr, A.I., Transgenic Research, 35. 2026-02-06 09:37:20.
Globally, nearly one million species are currently threatened with extinction, highlighting the need for more efficient solutions to biological conservation. Genome editing, which allows for faster and more precise changes in genomes, is a promising technique for boosting populations through facilitated adaptation, management of invasive or pathogenic populations, and potentially even facilitating the revival of extinct species. These approaches belong to a new field of research termed conservation biotechnology, which places a great responsibility on researchers and decision makers to ensure sustainability. In this paper, we have mapped the emerging trends in genome editing of wild animals. Current projects primarily focus on population control and de-extinction, with fewer initiatives aimed at preserving threatened species. We then explore four critical dimensions of conservation biotechnology: the technology itself, new perspectives on conservation practices, research organization, and governance and policy. Despite its potential, key questions remain—particularly whether genome editing can increase genetic diversity without causing unintended non-target impacts. Genome editing also provokes new perspectives on conservation practices where ecosystem-wide impact assessment, case-by-case evaluations, and post-release monitoring needs to be prioritized. Furthermore, conservation biotechnology is heavily funded through private funding showing varying stakeholder interest, which can lead to untraditional and less transparent research processes. Stakeholders, including local and indigenous people, are only to a certain degree involved, which may weaken inclusion of local knowledge and monitoring efforts. Finally, concerning governance and policy, there is an urgent need to develop more adequate regulation of conservation biotechnology, as environmental release of genome-edited animals challenges definitions and guidelines in current nature protection laws and GMO regulations. Based on our analysis, we outline key points for further investigation toward a more sustainable approach to conservation biotechnology.
Exploratory conversations with biodiversity-oriented civil society groups on the potential applications of gene drive-modified mosquitoes for malaria control in Tanzania
35354Finda, M.F., Sambo, M., Malika, G. et al., Transgenic Res, 35. 2026-01-13 09:53:50.
Gene drive-modified mosquitoes (GDMMs) are gaining attention as sustainable tools to complement existing malaria control strategies. Their ability to self-propagate and spread through wild mosquito populations offers the promise of low-cost, long-lasting impact, but also raises ecological, ethical, and governance concerns. In this evolving debate, civil society organizations (CSOs) are pivotal actors in shaping dialogue, representing community concerns, and influencing policy decisions. This study examined the perspectives and recommendations of biodiversity-oriented CSOs on the governance, testing, and potential application of GDMMs for malaria control in Tanzania. An exploratory qualitative design was employed, involving eight in-depth interviews, one focus group discussion, and three large group discussions with representatives from ten biodiversity-focused CSOs in Tanzania. Participants were selected purposively based on prior involvement in national or regional dialogues related to biotechnology; and the discussions focused on concerns, uncertainties and needs associated with testing and potential use of GDMMs for malaria control, as well as the balance of prospective benefits against long-term environmental risks. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using NVivo 12 Plus. Participants expressed cautious support for research on GDMMs for malaria control but raised concerns about scientific uncertainty, limited local expertise, inadequate transparency, potential transboundary effects and technological dependency. They emphasized the importance of generating robust, context-specific evidence before considering any environmental releases of gene drives; and highlighted concerns over inadequate accountability, particularly the lack of clarity on who would assume responsibility if adverse outcomes arise. They also advocated for early, inclusive, transparent, and continuous engagement with both target communities and the broader public. Lastly, to ensure objective and impartial oversight, they recommended development of local expertise that is independent of technology developers and sponsors. The CSOs’ perspectives were diverse but broadly aligned with the precautionary principle, calling for preventive action amid uncertainty, clear accountability, and the pursuit of safer alternatives. Although many expressed serious reservations about gene drive mosquitoes, there was a shared recognition that research on the technology is necessary, provided it is conducted under controlled, transparent, and auditable conditions. Overall, these exploratory discussions underscored the need for: (i) balanced dialogue between advocates and skeptics, (ii) robust ethical and regulatory frameworks covering the full life cycle of the technology, (iii) sustained community and stakeholder engagement from the early stages of research and development, (iv) enhancements of in-country capacity, and (v) national sovereignty in decision-making regarding GDMMs. Demonstrating and effectively communicating these elements will be as critical as ensuring their existence.
From song to stories: assessing the impact of exposure to arts-based community engagement tools in shaping knowledge, attitudes, and acceptability toward the Sterile Insect Technique for malaria control in South Africa
35319Manana, P.N., Jewett, S. & Munhenga, G., Malaria Journal, 24. 2026-01-05 11:31:18.
Community engagement (CE) is essential for public health interventions. This is particularly important when introducing novel technologies, such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), that require strong community understanding and acceptance. Against this background, arts-based CE strategies, including music, drama, and radio short stories, were developed and piloted, but their effectiveness remained unevaluated. This study assessed whether exposure to arts-based CE approaches influenced community knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance of the SIT in uMkhanyakude District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A cross-sectional survey to understand the influence of arts-based CE approaches was conducted in the Jozini municipality, uMkhanyakude District, after community exposure to these CE productions. Structured interviews were conducted with randomly sampled community members. Data were collected on CE exposure and SIT-related knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance. A chi-square test and a stepwise ordinal logistic regression were used to analyze the data after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Among 614 participants, only 26.2% (n = 161) were exposed to arts-based CE approaches. Those exposed were more likely to correctly identify that female mosquitoes feed on blood as compared to the unexposed (95.0% vs. 85.8%, p = 0.008), and to express support for SIT (e.g., 98.1% vs. 89.4% agreed with upcoming releases, p = 0.003). Exposure remained a significant predictor of SIT acceptance in multivariate models (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45–0.94). Positive attitudes and accurate knowledge also independently predicted greater acceptance. Arts-based CE tools were effective in supporting the introduction of SIT by improving knowledge and acceptance. However, limited exposure suggests the need for more sustained and widely accessible engagement strategies to maximize reach and long-term impact. These findings suggest that artistic productions, especially when delivered through culturally relevant, multimodal formats, play a meaningful role in shaping community receptiveness to novel vector control methods like the SIT.
Genetic Biocontrol Strategy Considerations for Mosquito Control in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories
35315Adam E. Vorsino, Tim Harvey-Samuel, Limb K. Hapairai, et al., Current Opinion in Insect Science, 2026-01-05 10:49:54.
Mosquito-borne diseases pose an existential threat to the health, economies, and unique ecosystems of Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). The remoteness of these islands, combined with the presence of highly competent mosquito vectors, complicates disease surveillance and vector control efforts. In response, the PICTs have become a focal point for the development and application of Genetic BioControl (GBC) technologies designed to break vector-borne disease transmission cycles. However, the application of GBC tools in this region warrants careful consideration of its unique history, including a legacy of colonialism, and challenges associated with logistic hurdles. Through meaningful community engagement and authentic collaborations, drawing from local knowledge, and building local capacity, the sustainable, efficient and effective deployment of GBC tools may be achieved.
UCMI partners with Equatorial Guinea to advance the fight against malaria
35265Ana Kormos, Outreach Network for Gene Drive Research, 2025-10-30 17:22:36.
The University of California Malaria Initiative (UCMI) announced a new partnership with the Government of Equatorial Guinea on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), which took place in New York City in September. The partnership will support the implementation of Equatorial Guinea’s Vision 2030 strategy for malaria elimination. Despite progress in fighting malaria, the disease remains a major public health concern in the country, particularly in rural and under-resourced areas. Building on over two decades of impact through the MCD Global Health’s (MCD) Bioko Island Malaria Elimination Project (BIMEP), this new collaboration will support the Ministry of Health’s ongoing efforts to eliminate malaria. The long-running BIMEP project has achieved a 78 percent reduction in malaria prevalence and eliminated two major mosquito vectors on Bioko Island. As a scientific partner, UCMI will work with the Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Program, BIMEP and MCD Global Health to advance research and support implementation of new malaria control strategies including the UCMI genetically modified mosquito. Drawing on its expertise in vector and malaria control research, UCMI will contribute to the advancement of innovative malaria control tools and strategies to ensure that Equatorial Guinea benefits from the latest scientific developments and best practices in full alignment with national priorities and community engagement.
Malaria Know More: Behind the Science of Gene Drive with Krystal Birungi
35271Malaria No More, 2025-10-29 17:39:23.
Congratulations on being named a 2025 Goalkeepers Champion by the Gates Foundation! What does this acknowledgement mean to you personally and professionally as an advocate for malaria elimination? BIRUNGI: It was pretty exciting and also very validating. Malaria has been around for so long that, for many people, it can seem like it’s no longer a big deal. It’s incredible how it can be glossed over that we’re losing over half a million people a year to a disease that we’ve been fighting for decades. You don’t often get recognized for work in this field, so it means a lot to have something I’m working towards be acknowledged. I was also delighted that this brought such a large platform to the fight against malaria. It has helped draw more attention to what we’re doing, why we’re doing it, and the potential it holds to defeat the disease. This year’s Goalkeepers event and being named a champion, is something I’m incredibly grateful for – not just for myself, but for the impact that it can have for malaria.
Innovation under pressure: bold ideas for a changing malaria landscape
35253Epstein, A., Tangena, JA., BMC Glob. Public Health, 3. 2025-10-27 10:36:07.
Innovation has never been more urgent. Encouragingly, the malaria research community is responding. Next-generation insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) [1], new indoor residual sprays (IRS) [2], and spatial emanators are reaching communities [3]. Vaccines such as R21 and RTS,S are moving from trials into wider use [4, 5]. On the treatment front, the pipeline now includes long-lasting antimalarials [6], triple combination therapies (TACTs) [7], and single-dose drugs like tafenoquine [8]. Novel approaches such as ivermectin, recently shown to reduce malaria incidence when deployed in mass drug administration campaigns, are also gaining traction [9]. Looking further ahead, early breakthroughs in gene drive in mosquitoes to bias inheritance of a specific genetic trait (like sterility or resistance to malaria) is passed on to offspring, and monoclonal antibodies, which point to bold new frontiers [10, 11]. Together, these advances represent the most significant broadening of the malaria toolkit in decades. But innovation alone will not be enough. The momentum is colliding with deep structural challenges. Funding cuts threaten to derail the rollout of new tools. Resistance is mounting: mosquitoes have developed resistance to most insecticides used for vector control, and parasites are showing reduced sensitivity to artemisinin and even lumefantrine, a key partner drug to control artemisinin resistance, in East Africa [12]. Climate change is redrawing the risk map by shifting mosquito habitats. Health systems remain fragile, weakened by COVID-19, extreme weather, and political unrest. Even when technologies are available, their potential can be weakened by regulatory delays, fragmented governance, or inequities in access and limited community trust. The path forward requires more than breakthroughs in science. Sustained progress will depend equally on the strength of delivery systems, stable financing, and governance that can translate innovation into equitable impact.
Exploring experts’ uncertainties about gene drive technology for agricultural pest control in the U.S.: a qualitative study to inform innovation and decision-making
35241Barry, N., Barnhill, S.K. & Johnson, B.B., Environment Systems and Decisions, 45. 2025-10-15 08:34:10.
As experts consider what it might look like for gene drives to manage agricultural pests, there remain several uncertainties across a broad range of issues, including technical, ecological, regulatory, and social implications. Drawing on 25 expert interviews, we parse out these uncertainties and the potential for Adaptive Management to help guide development, deployment, and governance of gene drives for invasive agricultural pest management. Adaptive Management emerged specifically to attend to uncertainties in complex social-ecological systems, prescribing collective learning and responsiveness to stakeholder feedback to effectively reach management goals. Thus, Adaptive Management provides clear direction on how to account for and make decisions in the face of considerable uncertainties surrounding these gene drive tools. We also give some attention to the ways in which the uncertainties that are specific to agricultural applications are somewhat distinct from or consistent with global discourse around gene drive development across sectors.
Should genetically modified wildlife be banned? Scientists weigh the risks
35235Mariana Lenharo, Nature, 2025-10-10 16:01:10.
The global conservation community is debating whether to ban the release of genetically modified organisms into the wild. Dozens of non-governmental organizations have called for a moratorium on field applications of synthetic biology — a technology being studied as a tool to fight diseases, control pests and help endangered species — saying that the approach has unpredictable consequences. But some researchers argue that an outright ban is too restrictive, and could have negative consequences for human health and biodiversity. A proposal for a ban will face a vote next week at a congress of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Abu Dhabi. The IUCN brings together governments and civil-society organizations to guide global conservation policy. Although decisions made by its members are not legally binding, they do influence legislation in many countries, says biologist Piero Genovesi, head of the Wildlife Service at the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research in Rome. If members vote in favour of the proposed ban, it “could have stronger impacts in areas like Europe or Australia, where there are many lines of research focused on developing new tools based on synthetic biology for improving the efficacy of conservation action”, Genovesi says. He is among more than 240 scientists who have so far signed an open letter asking IUCN members to reject the moratorium.
Apprehension of Technosciences and Initiation to Education for Uncertainty: Case of Gene Drive
35163Hayet Saoudi and Hanen Bouamoud, Qualitative Approaches to Pedagogical Engineering, 2025-09-22 15:39:06.
This research falls within the framework of education about uncertainty. The authors focused on one of the technosciences, namely genetic engineering, and treated it as a ‘socially acute issue'. The research involved a group of Tunisian third-year students in life and earth sciences. They are a group of potential future teachers. They set up a three-phase experiment. The first phase consisted of a pre-test quiz, aimed at assessing the students' scientific knowledge and the forms of uncertainty they mobilised. The second phase consisted of watching videos on technoscience and genes. The third phase consisted of a post-test quiz designed to monitor changes in the quality of the scientific knowledge required and to highlight the forms of uncertainty used. For the analysis, the authors used analytical grids to characterise the quality of the scientific knowledge and the forms of uncertainty involved. The results show that integrating socially current issues has a significant effect on education about uncertainty and on the acquisition of scientific knowledge.
OPINION: Military Shuts Down Bill Gates Genetically Modified Mosquito Project in West Africa
35137Jon Fleetwood, Substack, 2025-09-12 15:41:16.
Last month, the military government of Burkina Faso has done what no Western regulator dared to do: it ordered the immediate termination of Bill Gates’ genetically modified mosquito project—‘Target Malaria’—and the destruction of all bioengineered insect samples inside the country. This wasn’t a health agency issuing a polite memo. It was a military crackdown on a Gates-funded scheme that released engineered mosquitoes into villages without real informed consent from the people forced to live with the consequences. The press release from Target Malaria itself admits the sequence of events. First came the release: “On 11 August 2025, one small scale release of non gene drive genetically modified male bias mosquitoes took place successfully, in accord with terms and conditions of the ANB and ANEVE permits.” Translation: genetically engineered insects were already unleashed in Burkinabè villages, exposing citizens to an irreversible genetic experiment without their consent. Then came the military order to shut it down: “On 18 August, the national authorities requested the Target Malaria team at IRSS to suspend all their activities. The IRSS team complied with the request.” Finally, the junta (a government that has taken power by military force) made it permanent: “On 22 August, the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation issued a communiqué informing ‘the Burkinabè public that it has terminated all the activities of the project Target Malaria on its territory.’” This wasn’t a pause. This was a military-ordered termination of Bill Gates’ mosquito project.
Engagement for genetic modification technologies in conservation: For whom, how, and for what ends?
35126Sylvia Nissen, Franca A. Buelow, Riley Taitingfong, Amanda Black, Environmental Science & Policy, 171. 2025-09-09 09:15:42.
Questions of engagement loom large for the use of genetic modification technologies in conservation. As scientific teams rapidly move towards implementing changes that will fundamentally alter entire species, concerns are regularly raised that associated engagement activities are inadequate. It is therefore vital to take stock of recent social research that critically examines how engagement is being enacted: who is engaged and by whom, how and on what terms, and for whom or what those processes serve. Despite a rise in calls for engagement, our review shows emergent gestures towards engagement by developers and regulators lean strongly towards narrow instrumental approaches that reinforce knowledge hierarchies and existing power imbalances. It contributes to engagement practices that are often vague and tokenistic, and focused on one-way education and snapshots of opinion, rather than mutual reciprocity and dialogue. To counter these undercurrents, our review draws attention to the ways social researchers are seeking to reorient engagement for genetic modification towards its more substantive and democratic possibilities, through articulating process, amplifying plurality, and acknowledging contestation.
Governance Landscape of Gene Drive for Malaria
35069GeneConvene Global Collaborative, 2025-08-28 10:24:11.
This infographic presents a hypothetical example of how real governance mechanisms could work to make decisions about gene drive field trials.
Effectiveness of the sterile insect technique in controlling Aedes albopictus as part of an integrated control measure: evidence from a first small-scale field trial in Switzerland
35042Parrondo Monton, D., Ravasi, D., Campana, V. et al., Infect Dis Poverty, 14. 2025-08-24 16:54:24.
The invasive Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) poses growing health risks across Europe. In Switzerland, a preliminary field trial was conducted to assess the feasibility of integrating the sterile insect technique (SIT) into existing integrated vector management (IVM), which includes breeding site removal and application of biological larvicides. SIT involves repeated releases of irradiated sterile males, which mate with wild females, producing non-viable eggs and leading to population decline. Following a preliminary release test in 2022, a small-scale SIT trial took place in 2023 in Morcote, Switzerland. Approximately 150,000 sterile males were released weekly over a 45-hectare area throughout the entire mosquito activity season, from May to September. This SIT area also received routine IVM. Population dynamics were compared with a control area where only IVM was applied. Monitoring included egg counts, hatch rates, and adult female densities. Generalized additive mixed-effects models (GAMM) and generalized additive models (GAM) accounted for spatial, temporal, and random effects. Model selection used AIC, BIC, and Chi-square tests (significance at 5%). The SIT-treated area showed a significant mosquito population reduction. Egg counts dropped by 57% (GAMM regression coefficient: − 0.8513, P < 0.001), with temporal patterns differing between SIT-treated and control areas (P < 0.001). Egg hatch rates were also lower in the SIT area, with odds of hatching reduced by 1.24 log-odds units (P < 0.001). Adult female densities declined by 66% (regression coefficient: − 1.0818, P < 0.001). Spatial GAMs revealed heterogeneous effects: up to 90% egg reduction in the western release area, while the eastern edge, bordering untreated zones, showed up to 300% higher egg counts. Similar spatial trends were observed for hatch rates and adult females (P < 0.01). These findings highlight both the overall effectiveness of SIT and the influence of mosquito immigration on spatial patterns. This trial demonstrated the potential of SIT as a complementary tool in Swiss vector control. Public interest and acceptance were high. To improve cost-effectiveness, further optimization of male production, sterilization, transport, and release processes is needed. Continued implementation over multiple seasons is recommended to enhance long-term effectiveness.
AUDA-NEPAD Delegation visits Target Malaria at the Uganda Virus Research Institute
35083Richard Linga and Christopher Maiso, Target Malaria, 2025-08-20 16:20:01.
Target Malaria Uganda was honored to host delegates from African member states at the Uganda Virus Research Institute. The delegates were taking part in a benchmarking visit during the East African Regional Engagement on Biosafety and Environmental Regulation for Malaria Elimination, organized by the African Union Development Agency – New Partnership for Africa’s Development (AUDA-NEPAD). The delegates were welcomed by Prof. Pontiano Kaleebu, Director of the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), who commended their interest in Uganda’s advancing research on genetically modified mosquitoes, and thanked AUDA-NEPAD for supporting regional dialogue on innovative malaria control strategies. In his speech, Dr. Johnson Wiltshire, Programme Coordinator at the AUDA-NEPAD and head of the delegation, emphasized the urgent need for Africa to adopt innovative health solutions to effectively address persistent public health challenges. He noted that for African member states to fully benefit from emerging technologies, such as gene drive, regulatory requirements must be harmonized across the region. He further highlighted the importance of ensuring quality, access, and sustainability in the implementation of such innovations.
Releasing GM Mosquitoes in Burkina Faso is Dangerous
35009Irina Vekcha, Countercurrents, 2025-08-02 11:03:44.
The Target Malaria project claims to be able to eradicate malaria by using gene drive technology to eliminate Anopheles mosquitoes, the malaria vectors. There are several gene drive projects around the world, targeting different species (insects, mammals, fungi, etc.), using different types of gene drives, and having different stages of the technology readiness. The details of these projects are provided in the Table 2 of the Gene Drives report, produced by ENSSER, the European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility. The Target Malaria project, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the Anopheles gambiae elimination, is the most advanced project. The project was conceived in Great Britain, at Imperial College London, in the laboratory led by Andrea Crisanti. The project experimental protocol is very complex: it comprises three phases, each phase focusing on a particular type (strain) of GM mosquitoes. Only the third phase is aiming to fight against malaria, and only this phase is based on the use of the gene drive technology. All the strains are produced by Crisanti’s team and must be imported to Burkina Faso for field trials. After importation, the mosquitoes are managed by the local Target Malaria team led by Abdoulaye Diabate; each phase should normally end with mosquito release by Diabate’s team. The project is moving forward rapidly, thanks to huge capital injections, coming primarily from the Bill Gates Foundation. The project is strongly supported by the NEPAD, New Partnership for Africa’s Development, an African Union agency. The NEPAD, which favors gene drives, has appointed ABNE, the African Biosafety Network of Expertise, to oversee Target Malaria experiment. The ABNE is funded by the Bill Gates Foundation, and the NEPAD – by the Open Philanthropy Project, one of Target Malaria’s funding sources. In 2019, within the framework of the first project phase, Target Malaria released 6,400 GM mosquitoes in the Bana village of the Burkina Faso, despite the Burkinabe civil society protests. The project is currently in its second phase, which began in March 2022, following the importation of the second-phase strain into Burkina Faso. Normally, before importing a strain for field trials, the Crisanti team conducts numerous tests to ensure the strain’s quality, and only the strain that meets all the criteria defined by the experimenter is accepted for importation. However, the project has encountered setbacks.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP), and acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for mosquito-borne diseases control through sterile mosquito release in Bangkok, Thailand
34991Kittayapong P, Ninphanomchai S, Jalichandra N, Sringernyuang L, Sherer P, Meemon N, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 19. 2025-07-30 11:03:04.
A questionnaire survey was conducted in seven communities in Bangkok, Thailand to obtain baseline information on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to mosquito-borne diseases, i.e., dengue, chikungunya and Zika, including mosquito vectors and how to control them. The questionnaire also asked about the acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for sterile mosquitoes used in controlling mosquito populations. Our results showed that, from a total of 400 sampling households, about 85% of participants were familiar with dengue and its mosquito vectors, as well as their prevention and control. Furthermore, participants with lower ages and higher incomes had more knowledge on mosquito vectors (p < 0.05). Even though the majority of participants did not have any knowledge on sterile mosquito release, they showed a positive perception about it. However, more than half of them were not willing to pay for sterile mosquitoes, since they would like to receive them as public support from the government. If they were to pay, the cost that they could afford was 1–2 THB (~US$ 0.03- 0.06) per sterile mosquito. These findings should be useful for public health authorities when planning to apply the sterile mosquito release as an alternative mosquito control approach in Bangkok, Thailand.
Create legal path for gene drive mosquitoes, experts say
34919Samwel Doe Ouma, The Star, 2025-06-23 10:42:22.
As Africa continues to shoulder the global burden of malaria, scientists and policy experts say gene drive technology could offer a groundbreaking solution. But without clear regulatory frameworks and strong community engagement, its deployment could be delayed, risking further loss of life and economic productivity. During the Evidence for Development (EVI4DEV) Conference in Nairobi, hosted by the African Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD), the Science for Africa Foundation (SFA), and the African Institute for Development Policy (AFIDEP), experts called for urgent policy harmonisation and public dialogue to enable the safe rollout of gene drive technology. “Malaria is an African problem, we need to find our own tools to address malaria problems,” said Dr Barbara Glover from AUDA-NEPAD, South Africa. “Africa should be able to innovate new technologies and solutions for African problems.” Gene drive technology targets malaria-transmitting mosquitoes by altering their genetic makeup, specifically the Anopheles gambiae species, to pass on traits such as infertility, reducing mosquito populations over time. The approach, being developed under the Target Malaria consortium, has shown promise in laboratory settings but has not yet been tested in the field. “Gene drives systems promote the biased inheritance of specific genes from one generation to the next,” explained Dr Wiltshire Johnson of AUDA-NEPAD. “Gene drive is deployed when a causal pathway initiated by release of a gene drive system in target mosquito vector species, leading to its transmission to subsequent generations, its increase in frequency and spread in target mosquito populations, its simultaneous propagation of a linked genetic trait aimed at reducing vectorial capacity of plasmodium and reduced vectorial capacity for parasites in target mosquito populations resulting in decreased malaria incidence and prevalence.” Johnson emphasised the urgency of adopting innovative tools amid increasing resistance to existing malaria interventions such as insecticides and drug treatments. “Malaria still kills 600,000 people, causes reduction of 25 percent GDP in Africa countries,” he said. “Even with existing traditional Malaria control tools starting to fail or are showing signs of failure... the deployment and use of gene drive technology will help in solving the malaria problem.”
Strengthening gene drive research in Africa through engagement, regulation, and regional cooperation
34909Dickson W. Lwetoijera, Outreach Network for Gene Drive Research, 2025-06-15 18:59:18.
On the sidelines of this year’s World Health Assembly, I had the opportunity to speak on a panel exploring the role of genomics in public health. The event, supported by the Science Summit, brought together researchers, regulators, and policymakers to examine how genomic tools can support stronger, more equitable health systems. I spoke alongside Prof. Georges Christophides of Imperial College London and Dr. Brian B. Tarimo of the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI). Together, we reflected on how gene drive technologies could strengthen the fight against malaria in Tanzania and the broader East African region, exploring progress made in gene drive research, and reflecting on what it will take to move forward. Prof. Christophides opened with a stark reminder of challenges faced in the fight against malaria: in 2023, Tanzania recorded over 8,000,000 cases and just under 25,000 malaria deaths, with 95% of the population at risk. With challenges such as insecticide resistance weakening the impact of current tools like treated nets and indoor residual spraying, the need for new interventions is necessary and unavoidable. Gene drive technologies offer one such possibility, but only if the right systems are in place to support their development and implementation. Prof. Christophides stressed the importance of strengthening frameworks that enable progress while maintaining safety and transparency. He also highlighted the need for long-term institutional partnerships, where African agencies are not just consulted, but lead the way. Dr. Tarimo focused on the importance of community engagement, a key aspect of the research. At Transmission Zero, we are working with district-level teams in areas that may host future field trials of gene drive technologies to ensure that communities are informed, involved, and heard. Engaging with local communities means recognizing that their values and concerns must shape the direction of our work from the outset. Without that trust, no technology, no matter how promising, can succeed.
Commentary on Gene drive: Communication, hype, and the publics
34870Third World Network, GMWatch, 2025-05-26 21:35:34.
An article in the Journal of Medical Entomology critically reflects on the hype surrounding gene drive technologies, a novel self-spreading form of genetic modification that is designed to engineer entire populations of wild species. The author, a specialist in vector-borne diseases at the University of Montpellier, France, concludes that current communication around gene drives “often borders on propaganda rather than fostering a balanced, 2-way dialogue”. As such, “Research institutions must also exercise caution when promoting scientific advancements in press releases and media, ensuring that accurate, reliable information reaches the public.” The rhetoric surrounding gene drive technologies is often couched in pessimistic language regarding ‘conventional’ tools. The narrow biomedical focus of such discussions also fails to consider systemic forces of vector borne disease, and “often falls short in critically examining health policies or calling for socioeconomic changes”. The current situation however, provides instructive examples of advances in malaria control, including several countries being declared malaria-free, or reporting zero deaths in recent years. Achievements have been gained with multipronged approaches including in vector control, case surveillance, diagnostics, as well as socioeconomic improvement and implementation of poverty alleviation.
International perspectives on the meaning of engagement in biotechnology risk assessment: the case of gene drive
34789Hartley, S., Stelmach, A., Kokotovich, A., & Smith, R. D. J., Journal of Risk Research, 2025-04-23 10:10:43.
Biotechnology remains challenging for risk assessors. The risk assessment of genetically modified organisms was the locus of considerable, acrimonious, and politicised debate and subjected to intense scrutiny. Since then, biotechnology has evolved to include new tools, such as genome editing and gene drive, and risk assessors are more sensitive to stakeholder and public views. While engagement is increasingly recognised as important in risk governance, it is underrepresented in the governance literature, remains challenging in risk assessment, and needs empirical cases to develop theory. Imagining engagement in risk assessment will require thinking about when, where, and how to engage people in risk assessment processes in both research and regulatory contexts. However, current risk assessment methods and processes make engagement of non-technical experts challenging and risk assessors may need to innovate and diverge from the norms of risk assessment. Gene drive presents a case of risk assessment that has generated a plethora of prescriptive calls and recommendations for engagement. We use this case study to explore how both technical and non-technical experts and stakeholders involved in gene drive risk assessment are imagining engagement. We conduct qualitative, interpretive research, drawing on 30 interviews with participants across five continents. We show that the people involved with engagement in risk assessment are talking about drastically different things when they talk about engagement. Placing an empirical and theoretical spotlight on engagement in risk assessment, we argue that conversations need to draw on our insights to move beyond simply recognising, justifying, and calling for engagement.
Innovative video game brings gene drive technology to life in Africa’s fight against malaria
34769African Media Agency, Business Ghana, 2025-04-17 09:53:12.
Ahead of World Malaria Day, Target Malaria, a not-for-profit research consortium pioneering genetic technologies for malaria control, hosted a live demonstration this month of its educational video game, Target Malaria: The Game. This interactive tool is reshaping how science is communicated by making complex genetic technologies accessible, engaging, and fun. Originally launched at the end of 2024, the educational game places players in the role of a lab technician working on genetically modified mosquitoes — a potential tool for vector control being explored to eliminate malaria in Africa. It introduces players of all ages and backgrounds to the real-world tools and processes of molecular biology through two modules: “Microinjection” and “Transgenic Screening.” In “Microinjection”, players simulate injecting a DNA solution into mosquito embryos, and in “Transgenic Screening”, players sort fluorescent, genetically modified mosquito larvae. “This isn’t just a game — it’s a capacity-building tool,” says Louise Marston, Senior Research Technician for Target Malaria at the Crisanti Lab, in Imperial College London and who conceived the idea for the game. “We’re demonstrating how a digital experience can bring scientific discovery to life, even in low-connectivity environments.”
Bridging the gap: Effective communication strategies for genetic biocontrol technologies
34749Caroline Thuo, African Genetic Biocontrol Consortium, 2025-04-04 10:39:01.
The 2nd Global Congress on Genetic Biocontrol Technologies took place from March 17-20, in Accra, Ghana. The Congress was jointly organized by the African Genetic Biocontrol Consortium, Ghana’s National Biosafety Authority and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH). Held under the theme “Harnessing Genetic Biocontrol Potential Solutions in a Changing Climate”, the event brought together delegates from 19 countries across different continents. It united professionals from diverse disciplines, including scientists, policymakers, regulatory experts and science communicators. The first two days of the congress featured intensive pre-congress workshops and courses focusing on: -Regulatory frameworks and decision-making processes for emerging biotechnologies -Strategic communication of genetic biocontrol technologies -Biosafety and biosecurity protocols for high-containment facilities The pre-congress course on communicating genetic biocontrol technologies attracted mostly journalists and science communicators from the African region. Participants explored topics such as the value of message mapping, a structured technique for crafting coherent narratives grounded in robust scientific evidence. The course also highlighted the critical role of media relationships in effective science communication. Scientists attending the course were encouraged to identify and utilize appropriate media channels suited to specific messages. They also gained a better understanding of the importance of proactively organizing field visits, media briefings, and events to support accurate reporting of scientific advances, and of consistently sharing timely and reliable information to media representatives.
Exploiting Wolbachia as a Tool for Mosquito-Borne Disease Control: Pursuing Efficacy, Safety, and Sustainability
34677Moretti, R., Lim, J. T., Ferreira, A. G. A., et al, Pathogens, 14:285. 2025-03-28 09:41:16.
Despite the application of control measures, mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose a serious threat to human health. In this context, exploiting Wolbachia, a common symbiotic bacterium in insects, may offer effective solutions to suppress vectors or reduce their competence in transmitting several arboviruses. Many Wolbachia strains can induce conditional egg sterility, known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), when infected males mate with females that do not harbor the same Wolbachia infection. Infected males can be mass-reared and then released to compete with wild males, reducing the likelihood of wild females encountering a fertile mate. Furthermore, certain Wolbachia strains can reduce the competence of mosquitoes to transmit several RNA viruses. Through CI, Wolbachia-infected individuals can spread within the population, leading to an increased frequency of mosquitoes with a reduced ability to transmit pathogens. Using artificial methods, Wolbachia can be horizontally transferred between species, allowing the establishment of various laboratory lines of mosquito vector species that, without any additional treatment, can produce sterilizing males or females with reduced vector competence, which can be used subsequently to replace wild populations. This manuscript reviews the current knowledge in this field, describing the different approaches and evaluating their efficacy, safety, and sustainability. Successes, challenges, and future perspectives are discussed in the context of the current spread of several arboviral diseases, the rise of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations, and the impact of climate change. In this context, we explore the necessity of coordinating efforts among all stakeholders to maximize disease control. We discuss how the involvement of diverse expertise—ranging from new biotechnologies to mechanistic modeling of eco-epidemiological interactions between hosts, vectors, Wolbachia, and pathogens—becomes increasingly crucial. This coordination is especially important in light of the added complexity introduced by Wolbachia and the ongoing challenges posed by global change.
Ghana hosts 2nd Global Congress on new, emerging genetic biocontrol technologies
34634Ama Kudom-Agyemang, EnviroNews Nigeria, 2025-03-13 14:22:11.
From Monday, March 17 to Thursday, March 20, 2025, Ghana is hosting a gathering of science, health and communication experts to deliberate on and contribute to innovative scientific exploits for Africa’s health sector. The over 150 African national and international professionals from scientific institutions, academia, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology researchers, development and clinical organisations as well as science communicators would be brainstorming on new and emerging genetic biocontrol technologies that can tackle vector-borne diseases such as malaria, by sharing experiences and lessons across diverse disciplines related to genetic biocontrol technologies. The four-day gathering is the 2nd Global Congress in Africa on new and emerging genetic biocontrol technologies. The 1st Global Congress was held in Nairobi, Kenya in August, 2023. Ghana’s National Biosafety Authority (NBA) and the African Genetic Biocontrol Consortium (The Consortium) are jointly organising this 2nd Congress on the theme: “Harnessing genetic biocontrol potential solutions in a changing climate.”
Gene drive: communication, hype, and the publics
34577Boëte, C., Journal of Medical Entomology, 2025-03-12 16:35:04.
Engineered gene drive (EGD) systems are probably the most high-tech approach considered for their potential role in the control of vector-borne diseases. Interestingly, the rhetoric around it often goes along with a negative presentation of the current “conventional” tools and exaggerated promises about EGD themselves, leading to a situation of hype.
Uganda expands genetically modified mosquito survey in Mukono, Kalangala islands
34600David Ssekayinga, Monitor, 2025-02-05 10:38:42.
The Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) has extended its research on the behaviour of genetically modified mosquitoes to more islands on Lake Victoria. The two islands where similar research will be conducted are Sselinya in Kalangala District and Koome in Mukono District. Gene drive mosquitoes are among the anti-malarial strategies the Ugandan government has embarked on since 2016 under the Africa Target Malaria Project, seeking to reduce fatalities resulting from the disease in the country. Scientists say they aim to develop sterile male mosquitoes that wouldn't be capable of fertilizing the female Anopheles mosquitoes which spread malaria and also intend to reduce the population of female malaria-spreading mosquitoes by having them lay fewer eggs compared to the 300 eggs that a natural female Anopheles mosquito lays. According to Krystal Birungi, the field entomologist coordinator for the Target Malaria Uganda Project, differing results from the first research in villages on the mainland and the smaller islands prompted them to explore results on the larger islands.
Public attitudes to genetic technology for invasive pest control and preferences for engagement and information: a segmentation analysis
34499Hobman E.V., Mankad A., Carter, L., Collins K., Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 12. 2025-02-04 19:37:26.
Advances in genetic technology hold promise in managing the increasing problem of invasive pests. The current study sought to improve our understanding of public perceptions, and potential public engagement pathways and information needs as the technology is researched and potentially developed for deployment. A survey of 1,149 Australians was conducted, and the sample was segmented into 4 groups based on their attitudes: Certain Objectors, Fence Sitters, Cautious Supporters, and Certain Supporters. ‘Light touch’ engagement activities appeared to satisfy most people; yet more intensive engagements could be appropriate for a small group who hold negative views towards the technology. Across the board, people wanted to know about the potential risks, and the regulation and controls surrounding the gene editing technology. Those who held more positive views also showed an interest in the scientific processes and techniques, while people who held more negative views wanted to know what was being done to deal with social and ethical issues. The results provide insight into 1) the diversity of views, and associated beliefs and feelings, among the public when confronted with a synthetic biology solution to an environmental problem, 2) how public engagement activities can be tailored to align with people’s engagement beliefs and stated preferences, and 3) what issues biotechnology developers should address as they endeavour to design genetic technology in a socially responsible way.
Public attitudes to genetic technology for invasive pest control and preferences for engagement and information: A segmentation analysis
34055Elizabeth Virginia Hobman, Aditi Mankad, Lucy Carter, Kerry Collins, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 12. 2024-12-16 14:49:47.
This research focusses on understanding (1) how people perceive genetic technology to control invasive animal pests (feral pigs, cats etc.), and (2) how people would like to be engaged on, and/or informed about, decisions regarding the development of this genetic technology. The results have direct relevance to biotechnology developers as they seek to better understand public likely response to genetic technology. Results revealed the presence of distinct segments where people varied systematically in their attitudes towards the technology, and their engagement beliefs and preferences, and information needs. The results provide practical direction on (1) how to design public engagement activities and science communications that accord with people's preferences, and (2) the issues that biotechnology developers should address as they endeavour to create socially responsible genetic technologies.
Russia’s Latest Target in Africa: U.S.-Funded Anti-Malaria Programs
32704Elian Peltier, The New York Times, 2024-10-22 15:00:57.
The scientists sifting through thousands of genetically modified mosquito larvae in a laboratory in Burkina Faso were trying to stop the spread of malaria, one of the biggest killers on the African continent. But in the pro-Russian propaganda telling of their work, the scientists, helped by funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, were not protecting local people against malaria, they were infecting them. “Since these mosquitoes have arrived in Burkina, we’ve noticed an increase of malaria and dengue fever,” Egountchi Behanzin, a French-Togolese activist who often posts pro-Russian content, said in an interview. Mr. Behanzin could not cite any scientific evidence, and researchers say there are no grounds for such a claim. But his anti-Western messages, and his praise for Russia in Africa, are shared daily among his more than 600,000 followers on social media. His posts are seen as only one element in a recent pro-Russian disinformation operation that is targeting U.S.-funded health care programs in Africa. The attacks come at a time when ambitious initiatives and vaccines are being rolled out on a continent shaken by several epidemics, including a deadly outbreak of mpox. The apparent aim is to undermine public trust and bolster Russia’s steady attempt to weaken Western interests in Africa, according to U.S. and European officials.
Practical Application of a Relationship-Based Model to Engagement for Gene-Drive Vector Control Programs
32533Ana Kormos, Lodney Nazaré, Adionilde Aguiar dos Santos, and Gregory C. Lanzaro, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 111:341-360. 2024-10-15 12:04:35.
Engagement is an important component in the advancement of gene-drive vector control research programs as developers look to transition the technology from the laboratory to the field. As research advances and engagement surrounding this novel technology is put into practice, knowledge can be gained from practical experiences and applications in the field. A relationship-based model (RBM) provides a framework for end-user development of engagement programs and strategies. The model places end users at the center of the engagement decision-making processes rather than as recipients of predetermined strategies, methods, and definitions. Successful RBM application for healthcare delivery has previously been demonstrated, and the University of California Malaria Initiative (UCMI) has applied this model to its gene-drive program in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. The model emphasizes the importance of local leadership in the planning, development, and implementation of all phases of project engagement. The primary aim of this paper is to translate the model from paper to practice and provide a transparent description, using practical examples, of the UCMI program implementation of RBM at its field site. End-user development of the UCMI engagement program provides a unique approach to the development of ethical, transparent, and effective engagement strategies for malaria control programs. This paper may also serve as a reference and example for projects looking to establish an engagement program model that integrates end-user groups in the decision-making processes surrounding engagement.
Professor Abdoulaye Diabaté’s frank conversation with Bill Gates
32512African Media Agency, 2024-10-08 09:27:11.
On October 2, 2024, Professor Abdoulaye Diabaté, a prominent figure in malaria research and Head of Medical Entomology at Burkina Faso’s Research Institute in Health Sciences, gained international attention by appearing in the Netflix documentary series "What’s Next? The Future With Bill Gates." The episode, titled "Can We Outsmart Disease?", delves into the ongoing battle against malaria, which disproportionately affects Africa, accounting for 94% of cases and 95% of deaths globally. In his conversation with Gates, Diabaté highlights the critical link between malaria and poverty, arguing that had the disease claimed similar lives in wealthier nations, it would have prompted a more aggressive global response. He advocates for a greater role for African voices in developing innovative solutions to combat malaria, including emerging technologies like gene drive mechanisms aimed at reducing mosquito populations. Despite significant progress, recent reports indicate a worrying increase in malaria cases due to factors such as insecticide resistance and climate change. The documentary underscores the urgent need for sustained investment in malaria research and innovative approaches, a sentiment echoed by Gates, who notes the shocking disparity in funding for malaria compared to other health issues. As the series aims to raise awareness and inspire action, it poses a pressing question: Can we finally outsmart this persistent disease?
Gene Drive and Symbiont Technologies for Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases
32504Guan-Hong Wang, Ary Hoffmann, and Jackson Champer, Annual Review of Entomology, 70. 2024-10-08 09:05:08.
Mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue and malaria, pose a significant burden to global health. Current control strategies with insecticides are only moderately effective. Scalable solutions are needed to reduce the transmission risk of these diseases. Symbionts and genome engineering–based mosquito control strategies have been proposed to address these problems. Bacterial, fungal, and viral symbionts affect mosquito reproduction, reduce mosquito lifespan, and block pathogen transmission. Field tests of endosymbiont Wolbachia-based methods have yielded promising results, but there are hurdles to overcome due to the large-scale rearing and accurate sex sorting required for Wolbachia-based suppression approaches and the ecological impediments to Wolbachia invasion in replacement approaches. Genome engineering–based methods, in which mosquitoes are genetically altered for the modification or suppression of wild populations, offer an additional approach for control of mosquito-borne diseases. In particular, the use of gene drive alleles that bias inheritance in their favor is a potentially powerful approach. Several drives are frequency dependent, potentially giving them broadly similar population dynamics to Wolbachia. However, public acceptance and the behavior of released drives in natural mosquito populations remain challenges. We summarize the latest developments and discuss the knowledge gaps in both symbiont- and gene drive–based methods.
Operationalizing stakeholder engagement for gene drive research in malaria elimination in Africa – translating guidance into practice
32212Pare Toe L, Dicko B, Linga R, Barry N, et al., Malar J, 21:225. 2024-10-03 13:14:18.
Gene drive mosquitoes are increasingly considered a potential transformational tool for vector control of malaria mosquitoes. As part of efforts to promote responsible research in this field, a number of guidance documents have been published by the World Health Organization, National Academies and expert groups. While virtually all recent guidance documents on gene drive research stress the importance of stakeholder engagement activities, no specific guidelines on implementing them have been established. Target Malaria, a not-for-profit research consortium developing a vector-control gene drive approach to eliminate malaria, has reflected on how its stakeholder engagement strategy translates engagement guidance documents into practice. The project analysed and addressed the tension between the context specificities and the international recommendations. The engagement strategy combines published recommendations for responsible gene drive research, information collected from the local context where the project operates and a set of principles guiding the choices made. This strategy was first developed during the early phases of the project’s research, years ahead of any activities with gene drive mosquitoes in those countries of operations. These earlier activities, and their related engagement, allow the project to develop and adapt an engagement strategy appropriate for potential gene drive research in its field site countries. This paper offers a description of a stakeholder engagement strategy operationalization based on (1) adaptation to stakeholder preferences, (2) inclusiveness and (3) empowerment and accountability. The authors hope to offer concrete examples to support other projects with the development and implementation of their engagement strategies with particular attention to the co-development principle.
Communicating the uncertainties associated with genetic biocontrol approaches: insights from communicators, science journalists and scientists in Africa
32538Tonui, W. K., Ogoyi, D., Thuo, C., Tareh, C., et al., Journal of Science Communication, 23. 2024-09-25 12:13:55.
Genetic biocontrol approaches, such as gene drive technology is rapidly gaining interest from scientists and public health professionals due to their potential to overcome many challenges of current malaria control tools and strategies. This is particularly the case in Africa where the burden of malaria is most significant. Uncertainty exists about whether these approaches will work, how effective they might be, who is controlling them, and potential unintended consequences for human health and the environment. Therefore, efforts to enhance the understanding of genetic engineering and biotechnology are needed, to ensure that accurate information about this technology is disseminated in the media by science communicators including the journalists and scientists. In this practice insight, we review the outcomes from workshops and courses hosted by the African Genetic Biocontrol Consortium aimed at equipping communicators and journalists with skilful techniques to proficiently articulate the uncertainties associated with genetic biocontrol interventions to the African public. we discuss the gaps and provide insight on how communicators can address some of the basic challenges of developing effective communication and decision-making for genetic biocontrol approaches in Africa.
How expensive it is to be poor Prof. Abdoulaye Diabaté inspires global action against malaria at TED2024
29894Realnews Magazine, 2024-05-07 16:49:13.
In a stirring address at TED2024, Prof. Abdoulaye Diabaté, Head of Medical Entomology and Parasitology at the Research Institute in Health Sciences in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, and Principal Investigator of Target Malaria Burkina Faso, shared his journey with malaria and his resolute commitment to eradicating it. Prof. Diabaté’s talk shed light on the devastating toll of malaria, particularly in Africa, and stressed the urgent need for transformative solutions. “Malaria is tightly linked to poverty and it is incredibly expensive to be poor,” Prof. Diabaté said as he reflected on his childhood battle with the disease. “Two hundred million cases worldwide end up sadly every year with approximately 600 000 deaths. While this is a statistic to many, to me there is a personal, tragic story. Most of these deaths happen in Africa where children and pregnant women pay the highest price.” Prof. Diabaté’s firsthand experience highlights the profound impact of malaria on individuals and families, motivating his tireless efforts to end malaria in his lifetime. Target Malaria is an international research consortium of scientists, stakeholder engagement teams, risk assessment specialists, and communication and regulatory experts from Africa, North America and Europe, dedicated to eradicating malaria.
Talking About Gene Drive in Uganda: The Need for Science Communication to Underpin Engagement
29082Hartley, S., Stelmach, A., Opesen, C., Openjuru, G. L., and Neema, S., Science Communication, 2024-04-04 09:15:22.
Uganda may host the world’s first field trials of gene drive mosquitoes for malaria control. Global North discourses pre-suppose African publics have access to information about gene drive and are ready to make decisions about its governance. We explore assumptions about the availability of this information in Uganda. We find a paucity of information available combined with a strong desire for information from lay publics. We discuss these findings in the context of Ugandan information infrastructures and political sensitivities to genetic technologies. If Ugandans are to decide about gene drive, they need independent information about the science to underpin engagement.
African researchers committed to ending malaria
29075African Media Agency, 2024-04-02 19:38:40.
The need to encourage more young African girls to pursue careers in science cannot be overemphasized.
Scientism, trust, value alignment, views of nature, and U.S. public opinion about gene drive mosquitos
31447Evans, J. H., & Schairer, C. E., Public Understanding of Science, 2024-03-12 21:29:22.
Gene drive could be a powerful tool for addressing problems of conservation, agriculture, and human health caused by insect and animal pests but is likely to be controversial as it involves the release of genetically modified organisms. This study examined the social determinants of opinion of gene drive. We asked a representative sample of the U.S. public to respond to a description of a hypothetical application of a gene-drive mosquito to the problem of malaria and examined the relationship of these responses with demographic and ideological beliefs. We found strong general approval for the use of gene-drive mosquitos to address malaria, coinciding with the concern about a possible environmental impact of modified mosquitos and that gene drives represent “too much power over nature.” Among the determinants we measured, respondent acceptance of scientism and trust that scientists are advancing the public’s interest were the greatest predictors of views of gene drive.
Stakeholder engagement in the development of genetically modified mosquitoes for malaria control in West Africa: lessons learned from 10 years of Target Malaria’s work in Mali
28850Bakara Dicko, Souleymane Kodio, Hatouma Samoura, Fatoumata Traoré, Naima Sykes, Mouhamed Drabo, Delphine Thizy, Isabelle Coche, Benjamin Robinson, Kadiatou Sanogo, Bilkissou Yagouré, Samba Diop, Mamadou B. Coulibaly, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11. 2024-01-28 13:28:47.
From 2012 to 2023, the Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), based out of the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), was part of the Target Malaria research consortium working towards developing novel gene drive-based tools for controlling populations of malaria vector mosquitoes. As part of this work, Target Malaria Mali has undertaken a range of in-depth engagement activities with the communities where their research is conducted and with other stakeholders nationally. These activities were meant to ensure that the project’s activities took place with the agreement of those communities, and that those communities were able to play a role in shaping the project’s approach to ensure that its eventual outcomes were in line with their needs and concerns. This paper aims to conduct a critical assessment of those 10 years of stakeholder engagement in order to identify good practices which can inform future engagement work on gene drive research in West Africa. It sets out a range of approaches and practices that enabled the Target Malaria Mali team to engage a variety of stakeholders, to share information, collect feedback, and determine community agreement, in a manner that was inclusive, effective, and culturally appropriate. These can be useful tools for those working on gene drive research and other area-wide vector control methods in West African contexts to ensure that their research is aligned with the interests of the communities who are intended to be its ultimate beneficiaries, and to allow those communities to play a meaningful role in the research process.
General science-technology orientation, specific benefit–risk assessment frame, and public acceptance of gene drive biotechnology
28225X. Liu, C. L. Goldsmith, K. E. Kang, A. Vedlitz, Z. N. Adelman, L. W. Buchman, E. Heitman and R. F. Medina, Risk Analysis, 2023-10-23 15:04:31.
Abstract With limited understanding of most new biotechnologies, how do citizens form their opinion and what factors influence their attitudes about these innovations? In this study, we use gene drive biotechnology in agricultural pest management as an example and theoretically propose that given low levels of knowledge and awareness, citizens? acceptance of, or opposition to, gene drive is significantly shaped by two predisposition factors: individuals? general orientation toward science and technology, and their specific benefit-risk assessment frame. Empirically, we employ data collected from a recent US nationally representative public opinion survey (N = 1220) and conduct statistical analyses to test the hypotheses derived from our theoretical expectations. Our statistical analyses, based on various model specifications and controlling for individual-level covariates and state-fixed effects, show that citizens with a more favorable general orientation toward science and technology are more likely to accept gene drive. Our data analyses also demonstrate that citizens? specific gene drive assessment frame?consisting of a potential benefit dimension and a potential risk dimension, significantly shapes their attitudes as well?specifically, people emphasizing more on the benefit dimension are more likely to accept gene drive, whereas those who place more importance on the risk dimension tend to oppose it. We discuss contributions of our study and make suggestions for future research in the conclusion.
Off Target: Gene Drives and the Balance of Life
26295Save Our Seeds, 2023-06-28 09:25:43.
This is a compilation of conversations with experts about gene drive technologies and the science/social questions it raises.
The attitudes of young adults towards mammalian predator control and Predator Free 2050 in Aotearoa New Zealand
26186L. Dickie and F. Medvecky, Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 2023-06-09 12:31:11.
Predator Free 2050 (PF2050) is an ambitious goal that aims to remove three types of invasive mammals from New Zealand by 2050. It will require a significant amount of funding, research, and support. Young adults will have an important role to play for this programme to be successful. Therefore, understanding the awareness and attitudes of young adults towards PF2050, and predator control, is an essential consideration. A survey of 1479 18- to 24-year-olds was conducted in 2017. The results showed that a higher percentage of young adults than members of the broader public view the small, introduced mammals as threats to New Zealand’s environment. Furthermore, this study highlights support for the control of feral, stray, and domestic cats. More focused research on attitudes towards cats is recommended to gauge which control methods are approved of by young adults. Indeed, methods appear to be a key factor to young adults supporting PF2050. The aerial distribution of poison was largely viewed negatively, and moderate concern was expressed about the targeted animal’s welfare. Interestingly, young adults appeared to be open to the use of gene editing and gene drive, although they expressed caution. Targeted communication towards young adults on toxins and genetic methods is recommended. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
The boundary problem: Defining and delineating the community in field trials with gene drive organisms
25098N. de Graeff, I. Pirson, R. van der Graaf, A. L. Bredenoord and K. R. Jongsma, Bioethics, 2023-05-03 10:11:03.
Despite widespread and worldwide efforts to eradicate vector-borne diseases such as malaria, these diseases continue to have an enormous negative impact on public health. For this reason, scientists are working on novel control strategies, such as gene drive technologies (GDTs). As GDT research advances, researchers are contemplating the potential next step of conducting field trials. An important point of discussion regarding these field trials relates to who should be informed, consulted, and involved in decision-making about their design and launch. It is generally argued that community members have a particularly strong claim to be engaged, and yet, disagreement and lack of clarity exist about how this "community" should be defined and delineated. In this paper, we shed light on this "boundary problem": the problem of determining how boundaries of inclusion and exclusion in (GDT) community engagement should be drawn. As our analysis demonstrates, the process of defining and delineating a community is itself normative. First, we explicate why it is important to define and delineate the community. Second, we demonstrate that different definitions of community are used and intermingled in the debate on GDTs, and argue in favor of distinguishing geographical, affected, cultural, and political communities. Finally, we propose initial guidance for deciding who should (not) be engaged in decision-making about GDT field trials, by arguing that the definition and delineation of the community should depend on the rationale for engagement and that the characteristics of the community itself can guide the effective design of community engagement strategies.
Gene Drives as Interventions into Nature: the Coproduction of Ontology and Morality in the Gene Drive Debate
25114K. Boersma, B. Bovenkerk and D. Ludwig, NanoEthics, 17:4. 2023-04-22 10:10:41.
Gene drives are potentially ontologically and morally disruptive technologies. The potential to shape evolutionary processes and to eradicate (e.g. malaria-transmitting or invasive) populations raises ontological questions about evolution, nature, and wilderness. The transformative promises and perils of gene drives also raise pressing ethical and political concerns. The aim of this article is to arrive at a better understanding of the gene drive debate by analysing how ontological and moral assumptions are coproduced in this debate. Combining philosophical analysis with a critical reading of the gene drive literature and an ethnographic study of two leading research groups, the article explores the hypothesis that the development of and debate about gene drives are characterized by a particular intervention-oriented mode of coproduction. Based on the results of this exploration, we highlight the need for a broadening of the perspective on gene drives in which empirical, moral, and ontological concerns are addressed explicitly in their interplay rather than in (disciplinary) isolation from each other.
Engagement on risk assessment for gene drive mosquitoes by EFSA and Target Malaria
24794S. Hartley, A. Kokotovich, Y. Devos and J. Mumford, Environmental Science and Policy, 142:183-193. 2023-02-27 11:12:07.
As engineered gene drive technologies continue to advance, many actors are actively considering how environmental risk assessments (RAs) for gene drive organisms should be conducted, and how stakeholder engagement opportunities should be provided. There is, however, a lack of clarity concerning what constitutes engagement on gene drive RA and, furthermore, what forms of engagement already exist around gene drive RA. To address this gap, we reflect on the actions of a risk assessor (the European Food Safety Authority, EFSA) and a gene drive developer (Target Malaria) to understand: 1) the RA-related decisions that each are making concerning gene drive technology for mosquitoes and other harmful insects, 2) the existing role of engagement in those decisions, and 3) the implications for our understandings of engagement and RA. We found, first, that both EFSA and Target Malaria have already made many RA-related decisions, even though any preparation and evaluation of a formal RA for gene drive mosquitoes remains far off. This finding supports the idea that gene drive RA involves multiple processes and decisions in different forms across the entire technology and regulatory development process. Second, we found that both EFSA and Target Malaria have already integrated engagement into their respective RA-related decisions in different ways, reflecting their different roles. We conclude by considering how EFSA and Target Malaria could improve their existing RA-related engagement by explicitly considering disciplinary diversity and worldview diversity in their related decision making.
Moving beyond narrow definitions of gene drive: Diverse perspectives and frames enable substantive dialogue among science and humanities teachers in the United States and United Kingdom
24692S. Hartley, A. Stelmach, J. A. Delborne and S. K. Barnhill-Dilling, Public Understanding of Science, 2023-02-06 08:31:02.
Gene drive is an emerging biotechnology with applications in global health, conservation and agriculture. Scientists are preparing for field trials, triggering debate about when and how to release gene-drive organisms. These decisions depend on public understandings of gene drive, which are shaped by language. While some studies on gene drive communication assume the need to persuade publics of expert definitions of gene drive, we highlight the importance of meaning-making in communication and engagement. We conducted focus groups with humanities and science teachers in the United Kingdom and United States to explore how different media framings stimulated discussions of gene drive. We found diversity in the value of these framings for public debate. Interestingly, the definition favoured by gene drive scientists was the least popular among participants. Rather than carefully curating language, we need opportunities for publics to make sense and negotiate the meanings of a technology on their own terms.
Trust in science and scientists: Effects of social attitudes and motivations on views regarding climate change, vaccines and gene drive technology
24622H. G. W. Dixson, A. F. Komugabe-Dixson, F. Medvecky, J. Balanovic, H. Thygesen and E. A. MacDonald, Journal of Trust Research, 2023-01-10 09:31:54.
Trust in science and scientists (TSS) is an increasingly important topic with respect to how science is applied within society. However, its role regarding specific issues may vary depending upon other psychosocial factors. In this study, we investigated how trust interacts with social attitudes and motivations to shape views on scientific issues in New Zealand (N = 8,199; 74.7% New Zealand European, 55.1% female). The study went beyond TSS by including broader institutional trust alongside measures relating to support for inequality, status quo preservation and fear of the unknown. We focused on their effects on three issues: vaccines, climate change and genetic technology (gene drive). Although TSS was strongly associated with lower vaccine skepticism (B = -0.497, p < 0.01), and moderate support for gene drive (B = 0.231, p < 0.01), it had no meaningful effect on climate skepticism. Furthermore, trust differentially mediated the relationship between social motivations and responses to all three issues. Trust in science and scientists is therefore unlikely to represent a one-size-fits-all variable. We conclude that future research should consider what effects trust in institutions and TSS have with social attitudes and motivations over a range of technologies across the sciences.
Exploring the value of a global gene drive project registry
24279R. I. Taitingfong, C. Triplett, V. N. Vásquez, R. M. Rajagopalan, R. Raban, A. Roberts, G. Terradas, B. Baumgartner, C. Emerson, F. Gould, F. Okumu, C. E. Schairer, H. C. Bossin, L. Buchman, K. J. Campbell, A. Clark, J. Delborne, K. Esvelt, J. Fisher, R., Nature Biotechnology, 2022-12-15 14:15:40.
Recent calls to establish a global project registry before releasing any gene-drive-modified organisms (GDOs) have suggested a registry could be valuable to coordinate research, collect data to monitor and evaluate potential ecological impacts, and facilitate transparent communication with community stakeholders and the general public. Here, we report the results of a multidisciplinary expert workshop on GDO registries convened on 8–9 December 2020 involving 70 participants from 14 countries. Participants had expertise in gene drive design, conservation and population modeling, social science, stakeholder engagement, governance and regulation, international policy, and vector control; they represented 45 organizations, spanning national and local governmental agencies, international organizations, nonprofit organizations, universities, and district offices overseeing local vector control. The workshop aimed to gather perspectives on a central question: “In what ways could a gene-drive project registry both contribute to and detract from the fair development, testing and use of GDOs?” We specifically queried the perceived purpose of a registry, the information that would need to be included, and the perceived value of a registry. Three primary findings emerged from the discussion: first, many participants agreed a registry could serve a coordinating function for multidisciplinary and multisector work activities; second, doing so may require different design elements, depending on the target end-user group and intended purpose for that group; and third, these different information requirements lead to concerns about information sharing via a registry, suggesting potential obstacles to achieving transparency through such a mechanism. We conclude that any development of a gene-drive project registry requires careful and inclusive deliberation, including with potential end-users, to ensure that registry design is optimal.
Influence of public hesitancy and receptivity on reactive behaviours towards releases of male Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes for dengue control
23860M. O. Lwin, Z. Ong, C. Panchapakesan, A. Sheldenkar, L. T. Soh, I. Chen, X. Li, W. Niah, K. Vasquez, S. Sim and L.-C. Ng, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 16:e0010910. 2022-11-11 10:06:20.
Singapore, a highly urbanized Asian tropical country that experiences periodic dengue outbreaks, is piloting field releases of male Wolbachia-carrying Aedes aegyptimosquitoes with the aim of suppressing urban populations of the primary dengue vector Aedes aegypti. This study proposes and assesses a model to explain the roles of hesitancy and receptivity towards Project Wolbachia–Singapore in influencing reactive mosquito prevention behaviors (reactive behaviors) towards the release of Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes for residents living in the release sites. Interestingly, both hesitancy and receptivity predicted greater instances of reactive behaviors. The model also examines the roles of general knowledge about Wolbachia technology, perceived severity of mosquito bites, perceived density of mosquitoes, and social responsibility as predictors of hesitancy, receptivity, and reactive behaviors towards the release of Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes. Hesitancy towards the project mediated the effects of general knowledge, perceived severity of mosquito bites, and perceived density of mosquitoes on reactive behaviors towards the releases, although receptivity towards the project did not. Having less knowledge about Project Wolbachia–Singapore was associated with higher hesitancy towards the project and higher likelihood of performing reactive behaviors towards the releases. Individuals who perceive mosquito bites to be more severe and think that there are more mosquitoes in their living environments were also more likely to be hesitant about the project and practice reactive behaviors. However, both hesitancy and receptivity towards the project mediated the effect of social responsibility on reactive behaviors. Receptivity towards the project was driven by social responsibility, which was also associated with reduced hesitancy towards the project. Our findings suggest that, to address the hesitancy reported by a minority of participants, future outreach efforts should focus on strengthening the public’s sense of social responsibility
Ethics of gene drive mosquitoes for malaria elimination
24071A. J. Roberts, McMaster University, 2022-10-24 10:34:04.
This thesis is concerned with presenting analyses regarding key ethical issues regarding and arising from the development and potential use of gene drive modified mosquitoes for the purpose of malaria elimination. Each of the chapters constituting this thesis offers a rigorously researched analysis which attempts to answer questions thus far unanswered in the academic literature. Chapter one explores whether the development and use of this technology can be fairly considered unethical in principle; concluding it cannot be. Chapter two explores the appropriate relationship between this technology and the precautionary principle, a prominent regulatory and governance principle which has been invoked as ostensible support for an indefinite global moratorium on all gene drive technology. The chapter concludes that the precautionary principle, at least as articulated by UNESCO, does not provide justification for a global moratorium on gene drive technology. In fact, the precautionary principle is likely unfit as a regulatory norm for some kinds of gene drive products and purposes. Chapter three was co-authored with Delphine Thizy, Global Stakeholder Engagement Manager for Target Malaria, one of the leading consortiums working on research and development of gene drive biotechnology for malaria control. Together we articulate the ethical principles selected to guide Target Malaria’s stakeholder engagement, as well as provide the rationale for their selection and expound upon some early lessons from their implementation. Chapter four offers an analysis with the goal of locating the ethically appropriate locus of political organization from which to seek permission for a gene drive modified organism release into the shared environment. The chapter considers the appropriateness of each of the following levels of political organization: consent of individuals, local communities, nation states, and international governance institutions. The conclusion arrived at, with some caveats, is that such a decision is most appropriately issued by a nation state.
Hurdles in responsive community engagement for the development of environmental biotechnologies
25089A. M. Normandin, L. M. Fitzgerald, J. Yip and S. W. Evans, Synthetic Biology, 7:ysac022. 2022-10-20 06:56:55.
Recent calls for engaging communities in biotechnology development do not draw enough attention to the hurdles that must be overcome for engagement strategies to effectively feed back into research design and conduct. These hurdles call into question many standard ways of operating and assessing in traditional scientific disciplines. The first steps in addressing these hurdles can be the most difficult. In reflecting on our own experiences in the early-stage development of environmental biotechnologies, we provide a set of techniques to help scientists and their collaborators learn to become more responsive to the needs and attitudes of communities with which they are engaging.Graphical Abstract
Why we need to talk about ‘gene-drive’ grey squirrels
23778Anonymous, University of Exeter, 2022-10-17 07:04:37.
Would the best way of controlling the UK’s rampant grey squirrel population be to spread genetic changes throughout the species? A new research film, to be shown next month at Exeter Phoenix, sees scientists, conservation and wildlife experts debate the use of emergent ‘gene-drive’ technology in grey squirrels. The film Should we create gene drive grey squirrels?, written and produced by Sarah Hartley, a Professor in Technology Governance at the University of Exeter Business School, and independent film-maker Tom Law, documents the introduction into the UK of grey squirrels at the turn of the 20th Century and how their burgeoning population has contributed to the demise of the UK’s native red squirrel, which is now mainly found in Scotland. It presents the reasons why some people argue it would be better to limit the grey squirrel population, including the fact that they carry and spread squirrel pox, a virus fatal to red squirrels which can devastate entire populations.
Operationalizing stakeholder engagement for gene drive research in malaria elimination in Africa-translating guidance into practice
23281L. Pare Toe, B. Dicko, R. Linga, N. Barry, M. Drabo, N. Sykes and D. Thizy, Malaria Journal, 21:225. 2022-07-23 10:16:04.
Gene drive mosquitoes are increasingly considered a potential transformational tool for vector control of malaria mosquitoes. As part of efforts to promote responsible research in this field, a number of guidance documents have been published by the World Health Organization, National Academies and expert groups. While virtually all recent guidance documents on gene drive research stress the importance of stakeholder engagement activities, no specific guidelines on implementing them have been established. Target Malaria, a not-for-profit research consortium developing a vector-control gene drive approach to eliminate malaria, has reflected on how its stakeholder engagement strategy translates engagement guidance documents into practice. The project analysed and addressed the tension between the context specificities and the international recommendations. The engagement strategy combines published recommendations for responsible gene drive research, information collected from the local context where the project operates and a set of principles guiding the choices made. This strategy was first developed during the early phases of the project's research, years ahead of any activities with gene drive mosquitoes in those countries of operations. These earlier activities, and their related engagement, allow the project to develop and adapt an engagement strategy appropriate for potential gene drive research in its field site countries. This paper offers a description of a stakeholder engagement strategy operationalization based on (1) adaptation to stakeholder preferences, (2) inclusiveness and (3) empowerment and accountability. The authors hope to offer concrete examples to support other projects with the development and implementation of their engagement strategies with particular attention to the co-development principle.
Public perspectives towards using gene drive for invasive species management in Australia
23100A. Mankad, E. V. Hobman and L. Carter, CSIRO, 2022-06-30 07:55:31.
Many pest animal species live and reproduce in high numbers across Australia. This includes animal species, such as cane toads, feral cats, foxes, rodents, wild pigs, wild rabbits. These species significantly damage Australia’s agricultural industries, natural landscapes, and biodiversity. For example, feral cats kill an estimated 1.8 billion Australian animals every year. Feral animals can also carry livestock diseases and cause significant damage to land and native vegetation. This results in agricultural production losses of more than $800 million per year. Sites of cultural significance to Indigenous peoples are also at risk to pest incursions. Adding further complexity, current methods of pest control being used to manage local landscape, such as baiting, trapping and shooting, are labour-intensive and expensive. They also have animal welfare implications and are considered ineffective at scale. Genetic technologies that are developed using synthetic biology have the potential to reduce or in some cases eliminate populations of invasive pests in parts of Australia. But there are multiple social, cultural and institutional considerations to understand before genetic technologies could feasibly be integrated with current pest management practices.
Public deliberation and the regulation of gene drive in the USA
23131W. F. West, L. W. Buchman and R. F. Medina, Science and Public Policy, scac032. 2022-06-27 10:41:33.
Gene drive is a new form of biotechnology designed to bias the inheritance of selected traits in animal or plant species that reproduce sexually and have relatively short reproductive cycles. Unlike traditional breeding techniques and other forms of biotechnology, gene drive is designed to spread in wild populations. As such, the prospect of its application raises ecological and socioeconomic concerns that the current system of biotechnology regulation in the USA is ill-equipped to address. Foremost among the proposals for reform is the need for deliberative participation in decision-making by stakeholders representing a broader range of interests and analytical perspectives. As appealing as they are in the abstract, these recommendations overlook both practical and political challenges to democratic governance in administration that have received little attention.
Gene Drive Research Forum: Stakeholder engagement panel discussions
32208GeneConvene Global Collaborative, 2022-06-15 13:09:00.
Who decides whether to use gene drives against malaria-carrying mosquitoes?
22730T. H. Saey, ScienceNews, 2022-06-03 08:12:18.
The gene drive interferes with the insects’ ability to reproduce. It wiped out captive populations of mosquitoes in eight to 12 generations (SN: 10/27/18, p. 6) in a small lab study. In 2021, the technology worked in the large cages in Terni, Italy, too. Within as little as five to 10 years, this gene drive could be ready to test in the wild. The first experimental release could be rolled out in Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana or Uganda. In those locations, researchers are working with a nonprofit research consortium called Target Malaria to develop the gene drive carriers along with other genetically engineered mosquitoes to fight malaria. This research is driven by the idea that every tool available must be used to fight malaria, which sickened close to 241 million people in 2020 and killed 670,000 worldwide, mostly in Africa. Children 5 years old and younger accounted for about 80 percent of the continent’s malaria deaths, the World Health Organization says. Because of malaria’s huge toll, large investments have been made to fight the disease, yielding preventive drugs, insecticide-treated bed nets and even malaria vaccines — one was recently recommended for use in sub-Saharan Africa (SN: 12/18/21 & 1/1/22, p. 32). These efforts are helping. But mosquitoes are developing resistance to insecticides, and some anti-malaria drugs may no longer work well.
Exploring value change
25095T. E. de Wildt and V. J. Schweizer, Prometheus, 38. 2022-06-01 10:02:19.
This article aims to explore the use of cross-impact balances (CIB) to identify scenarios of value change. The possibility of value change has received little attention in the literature on value-sensitive design (VSD). Examples of value change include the emergence of new values and changes in the relative importance of values. Value change could lead to a mismatch between values embedded in technology and the way they are currently considered in society. Such a mismatch could result in a lack of acceptability of technologies, increasing social tensions and injustices. However, methods to study value change in the VSD literature are rare. CIB is a scenario tool that can study systems characterized by feedback loops that are hard to describe mathematically. This is often the case when aiming to define values and their relationships. We demonstrate the use of CIB to identify scenarios of value change using two cases: digital voice assistants and gene drive organisms. Our findings show that CIB is helpful in building scenarios of value change, even in instances where the operationalization of values is complex. CIB also helps us to understand the mechanisms of value change and evaluate when such mechanisms occur. Finally, we find that CIB is particularly useful for social learning and explanatory modelling. CIB can therefore contribute to the design of value-sensitive technologies.
Recommendations for environmental risk assessment of gene drive applications for malaria vector control
22586J. B. Connolly, J. D. Mumford, D. C. M. Glandorf, S. Hartley, O. T. Lewis, S. W. Evans, G. Turner, C. Beech, N. Sykes, M. B. Coulibaly, J. Romeis, J. L. Teem, W. Tonui, B. Lovett, A. Mankad, A. Mnzava, S. Fuchs, T. D. Hackett, W. G. Landis, J. M. Marshall, Malar J, 21:152. 2022-05-25 09:36:02.
Building on an exercise that identified potential harms from simulated investigational releases of a population suppression gene drive for malaria vector control, a series of online workshops identified nine recommendations to advance future environmental risk assessment of gene drive applications.
A multi-disciplinary approach for a building common understanding of genetic engineering for malaria control in Burkina Faso
21637L. Pare Toe, N. Barry, A. D. Ky, S. Kekele, W. I. Meda, K. Bayala, et al., Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9. 2022-04-05 08:18:54.
Genetic engineering is a complex topic, even for scientists working in other areas, and even more so for those who lack a formal scientific training. To help gene specialists and affected communities talk with one another, international guidance documents have been published that promote dialogue and exchanges. The current paper explores collaboration among scientists of different disciplines as well as between scientists, the local communities, mediated by theatre actors to develop a conversation about Target Malaria’s work on genetic technologies to modify mosquitoes for malaria elimination in Burkina Faso. It focuses on the co-construction of meaning of key scientific concepts with a view to fostering productive collaboration between scientists and the local community. The community provided feedback on what was shared with them regarding the science being developed in the lab and in the field, which in turn informed aspects of the research itself, and the nature of the collaboration between the scientists and the local community.
Governing Gene Drive Technologies: A Qualitative Interview Study
23410N. de Graeff, K. R. Jongsma, J. E. Lunshof and A. L. Bredenoord, AJOB Empirical Bioethics, 13:107-124. 2022-04-04 12:10:12.
Gene drive technologies (GDTs) bias the inheritance of a genetic element within a population of non-human organisms, promoting its progressive spread across this population. If successful, GDTs may be used to counter intractable problems such as vector-borne diseases. A key issue in the debate on GDTs relates to what governance is appropriate for these technologies. While governance mechanisms for GDTs are to a significant extent proposed and shaped by professional experts, the perspectives of these experts have not been explored in depth.Methods A total of 33 GDT experts from different professional disciplines were interviewed to identify, better understand, and juxtapose their perspectives on GDT governance. The pseudonymized transcripts were analyzed thematically.Results Three main themes were identified: (1) engagement of communities, stakeholders, and publics; (2) power dynamics, and (3) decision-making. There was broad consensus amongst respondents that it is important to engage communities, stakeholders, and publics. Nonetheless, respondents had diverging views on the reasons for doing so and the timing and design of engagement. Respondents also outlined complexities and challenges related to engagement. Moreover, they brought up the power dynamics that are present in GDT research. Respondents stressed the importance of preventing the recurrence of historical injustices and reflected on dilemmas regarding whether and to what extent (foreign) researchers can legitimately make demands regarding local governance. Finally, respondents had diverging views on whether decisions about GDTs should be made in the same way as decisions about other environmental interventions, and on the decision-making model that should be used to decide about GDT deployment.Conclusions The insights obtained in this interview study give rise to recommendations for the design and evaluation of GDT governance. Moreover, these insights point to unresolved normative questions that need to be addressed to move from general commitments to concrete obligations.
UC Davis — Malaria Gene Drive Feasibility Analysis
21563Good Ventures, Good Ventures, 2022-03-31 12:24:36.
Open Philanthropy recommended a grant of $10,248,967 over three years to UC Davis to support subsequent stages of a feasibility analysis of a potential test of gene drives for malaria control on the adjoining West African islands of São Tomé and Príncipe. The work, led by Dr. Greg Lanzaro and colleagues, will focus on a potential gene drive application that would reduce or inhibit the ability of mosquitoes to transmit the malarial parasite, without impacting the size of the mosquito population on the islands. As part of the preliminary feasibility analysis, which Open Philanthropy supported in February 2020, Dr. Lanzaro’s team developed working relationships with local communities, established an ethics advisory board, developed a communication plan, and conducted appropriate safety tests.
Prescribing engagement in environmental risk assessment for gene drive technology
21689S. Hartley, A. Kokotovich and C. McCalman, Regulation and Governance, 2022-03-29 08:17:38.
Abstract Gene drive technology is a nascent biotechnology with the potential to purposefully alter or eliminate a species. There have been broad calls for engagement to inform gene drive governance. Over the past seven years, the gene drive community has been developing risk assessment guidelines to determine what form future gene drive risk assessments take, including whether and how they involve engagement. To explore who is developing these guidelines and how engagement in risk assessment is being prescribed, we conduct a document analysis of gene drive risk assessment guideline documents from 2014 to 2020. We found that a narrow set of organizations have developed 10 key guideline documents and that with only one exception the documents prescribe a narrow, vague, or completely absent role for engagement in gene drive risk assessment. Without substantively prescribed engagement in guidelines, the relevance, rigor, and trustworthiness of gene drive risk assessment and governance will suffer.
Opening up, closing down, or leaving ajar? How applications are used in engaging with publics about gene drive
21287A. W. Russell, A. Stelmach, S. Hartley, L. Carter and S. Raman, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2022-03-22 12:32:50.
Public engagement and responsible innovation are strongly emphasised in gene drive research, together with the goal of addressing societal challenges, notably, malaria and environmental conservation. We aim to explore whether public engagement is used to ‘open up' or ‘close down' opportunities to shape gene drive research. Drawing on interviews with gene drive developers and stakeholders, we investigate how the public communication of gene drive is conceived. We find that traditional closing-down tendencies remain, but that there are new and encouraging opening-up approaches. Consistent with responsible innovation thinking, these frame gene drive as multifaceted, context-dependent and requiring deeper deliberation. We also identify a third ‘leaving ajar’ approach that seeks to engage with and respond to local communities and modify technological applications to be more acceptable. Innovation system constraints may well temper current aspirations to open up; framing public conversations around understandings of public good could offer a way forward.
The power of gene editing
20973The Economist, The Economist, 2022-03-17 07:27:42.
Technologies such as genetic modification and ‘CRISPR’ will cure hereditary diseases, produce disease-resistant crops and enable the breeding of malaria-free mosquitos. But advances bring ethical and practical dilemmas. Genetically modified food is banned in the EU, and doctors worry that screening for genetic diseases may pave the way for more controversial uses, such as creating so-called designer babies. This film looks at the risks and rewards of gene editing.
California Residents’ Perceptions of Gene Drive Systems to Control Mosquito-Borne Disease
20593C. E. Schairer, C. Triplett, O. S. Akbari and C. S. Bloss, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10. 2022-03-10 11:37:23.
Scientists developing gene drive mosquitoes for vector control must understand how residents of affected areas regard both the problem of mosquito-borne disease and the potential solutions offered by gene drive. This study represents an experiment in public engagement at an early stage of technology development, intended to inform lab scientists about public attitudes toward their research and inspire consideration and conversation about the social ramifications of creating mosquitoes with gene drive. Online focus groups with California residents explored views on mosquito-borne disease risk, current mosquito control methods, and the proposed development and use of different classes of gene drives to control Ae. aegypti. Rather than a dogmatic rejection of genetic engineering or gene drive, many participants expressed pragmatic concerns with cost, control, the ability to narrowly target specific species, and the challenges of mistrust and institutional cooperation. Work like this can inform the alignment of community priorities and the professional priorities of scientists and vector control specialists.
Articulating ethical principles guiding Target Malaria’s engagement strategy
20320A. J. Roberts and D. Thizy, Malaria Journal, 21:35. 2022-02-05 09:13:03.
Progress in gene drive research has engendered a lively discussion about community engagement and the ethical standards the work hinges on. While there is broad agreement regarding ethical principles and established best practices for conducting clinical public health research, projects developing area-wide vector control technologies and initiating ambitious engagement strategies raise specific questions: who to engage, when to engage, and how? When responding to these fundamental questions, with few best practices available for guidance, projects need to reflect on and articulate the ethical principles that motivate and justify their approach. Target Malaria is a not-for-profit research consortium that aims to develop and share malaria control and elimination technology. The consortium is currently investigating the potential of a genetic technique called gene drive to control populations of malaria vectoring mosquito species Anopheles gambiae. Due to the potentially broad geographical, environmental impact of gene drive technology, Target Malaria has committed to a robust form of tailored engagement with the local communities in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Uganda, where research activities are currently taking place. This paper presents the principles guiding Target Malaria’s engagement strategy. Herein the authors (i) articulate the principles; (ii) explain the rationale for selecting them; (iii) share early lessons about the application of the principles. Since gene drive technology is an emerging technology, with few best practices available for guidance, the authors hope by sharing these lessons, to add to the growing literature regarding engagement strategies and practices for area-wide vector control, and more specifically, for gene drive research.
Conditions for Investment in Genetic Biocontrol of Pest Vertebrates in Australia
20264L. Carter, A. Mankad, S. Campbell, W. Ruscoe, K. P. Oh, P. R. Brown, M. Byrne, M. Tizard and T. Strive, Frontiers in Agronomy, 3. 2022-01-31 08:46:53.
Managing pest vertebrate species in Australia is a significant challenge for government, industry, research sectors and land-managers. Innovative tools such as genetic biocontrol offers decision-makers a potentially effective means of reducing the impact of pest species incursions. To determine the conditions for investment in genetic biocontrol, we applied qualitative engagement methodologies to identify and integrate existing knowledge of pest species research and management in Australia. Two facilitated workshops were held to determine key topics related to genetic biocontrol technologies for selected pest species. The topics explored during workshop discussions included: identifying existing knowledge gaps; risk perceptions; social and ethical considerations and; industry and business considerations. The workshops' aim was to assess the potential, the priorities and the risk parameters among expert stakeholders and decision-makers for using genetic biocontrol approaches to reduce the impacts of key pest species in Australia. This paper reports on the design, process and outcomes of each workshop to inform the creation of a decision framework. Stakeholders were cautiously optimistic of pursuing continued research and development for vertebrate pest management in Australia. However, employing an appropriate, transparent process for incorporating diverse stakeholder perspectives on genetic biocontrol technologies is essential to ensure their development and use remains supported. This outcome will require meaningful investment in both social science investigations and well-considered engagement processes concurrent with biotechnology development globally.
Gene Drives in the U.K., U.S., and Australian Press (2015–2019): How a New Focus on Responsibility Is Shaping Science Communication
20217A. Stelmach, B. Nerlich and S. Hartley, Science Communication, 10755470211072245. 2022-01-25 16:28:49.
Gene drive is a controversial biotechnology for pest control. Despite a commitment from gene drive researchers to responsibility and the key role of the media in debates about science and technology, little research has been conducted on media reporting of gene drive. We employ metaphor and discourse analysis to explore how responsibility is reflected in the coverage of this technology in the U.S., U.K., and Australian press. The findings reveal a rhetorical strategy of trust-building by evoking the moral attributes of gene drive researchers. We discuss the implications of these findings for the communication of new technologies.
Ethical Considerations for Gene Drive: Challenges of Balancing Inclusion, Power and Perspectives
20139A. Kormos, G. C. Lanzaro, E. Bier, V. Santos, L. Nazare, J. Pinto, A. A. dos Santos and A. James, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2022-01-21 13:24:13.
Progress in gene-drive research has stimulated discussion and debate on ethical issues including community engagement and consent, policy and governance, and decision-making involved in development and deployment. Many organizations, academic institutions, foundations, and individual professionals have contributed to ensuring that these issues are considered prior to the application of gene-drive technology. Central topics include co-development of the technology with local stakeholders and communities and reducing asymmetry between developers and end-users. Important questions include with whom to conduct engagement and how to define community acceptance, develop capacity-building activities, and regulate this technology. Experts, academics, and funders have suggested that global frameworks, standards, and guidelines be developed to direct research in answering these important questions. Additionally, it has been suggested that ethical principles or commitments be established to further guide research practices. The challenging and interesting contradiction that we explore here is that the vast majority of these conversations transpire with little or no input from potential end-users or stakeholders who, we contend, should ultimately determine the fate of the technology in their communities. The question arises, whose concerns regarding marginalization, disempowerment, and inequity should be included in discussions and decisions concerning how inequities are perceived and how they may be addressed? At what stage will true co-development occur and how will opinions, perspectives and knowledge held by low-income country stakeholders be applied in determining answers to the questions regarding the ethics being debated on the academic stage? Our opinion is that the time is now.
Gene drives and metaphors
20127B. Nerlich, Making Science Public, 2022-01-21 09:32:53.
I have been writing about developments in the biosciences for twenty years. In that time, I have covered a wide variety of topics, such as cloning, genomics, the human genome project, the microbiome project, faecal microbial transplants, synthetic biology, epigenetics, genome editing and now gene drive. I was lucky enough to get many reflections on these topics (by me and other colleagues!) published in the appropriately titled journal New Genetics and Society. The newest addition to this family of articles is one on gene drives – a range of controversial technologies that can potentially be used for the eradication or conservation of animal species – written with Aleksandra Stelmach. It has a certain family resemblance with the other articles, as it too deals with the use of metaphor in framing a particular issue in the biosciences. However, it is also quite different. While the other articles mainly examined media articles on the genetic or genomic topics they covered, this article is based on the analysis of interviews with gene drive experts and practitioners reflecting on their and others’ uses of metaphors. The article was prompted by emerging findings from a Wellcome Trust funded project, led by Sarah Hartley, aiming to increase understanding of how people communicate about gene drives. Aleksandra carried out 30 interviews with scientists, experts, and NGOs working in sectors or being involved in sectors relating to gene drive research in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia.
Gene drive communication: exploring experts’ lived experience of metaphor use
20032B. Nerlich and A. Stelmach, New Genetics and Society, 2022-01-13 09:20:04.
Metaphors have been crucial in making genetics and genomics public, fromthe code and the book of life to genetic scissors and gene surgery. A newfield is emerging called“gene drive”–a range of controversial technologiesthat can potentially be used for the eradication or conservation of animalspecies. At the same time, metaphors are emerging to talk about thepromises and dangers of“gene drive”. In this article we use thematicanalysis to examine thirty interviews with gene drive science andcommunication experts, and stakeholders, focusing on how they talk abouttheir lived experience of metaphor use in the context of gene drivecommunication, including their struggle to remember salient metaphors andtheir reflections on which metaphors to use and which to avoid. We discussthe significance of ourfindings for research and practice of responsiblescience communication.
Stakeholder engagement to inform the risk assessment and governance of gene drive technology to manage spotted-wing drosophila
20212A. E. Kokotovich, S. K. Barnhill-Dilling, J. E. Elsensohn, R. Li, J. A. Delborne and H. Burrack, Journal of Environmental Management, 307:114480. 2022-01-04 15:32:08.
Emerging biotechnologies, such as gene drive technology, are increasingly being proposed to manage a variety of pests and invasive species. As one method of genetic biocontrol, gene drive technology is currently being developed to manage the invasive agricultural pest spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii, SWD). While there have been calls for stakeholder engagement on gene drive technology, there has been a lack of empirical work, especially concerning stakeholder engagement to inform risk assessment. To help address this gap and inform future risk assessments and governance decisions for SWD gene drive technology, we conducted a survey of 184 SWD stakeholders to explore how they define and prioritize potential benefits and potential adverse effects from proposed SWD gene drive technology. We found that stakeholders considered the most important potential benefits of SWD gene drive technology to be: 1) Decrease in the quantity or toxicity of pesticides used, and 2) Decrease in SWD populations. Stakeholders were most concerned about the potential adverse effects of: 1) Decrease in beneficial insects, 2) Increase in non-SWD secondary pest infestations, and 3) Decrease in grower profits. Notably, we found that even stakeholders who expressed support for the use of SWD gene drive technology expressed concerns about potential adverse effects from the technology, emphasizing the need to move past simplistic, dichotomous views of what it means to support or oppose a technology. These findings suggest that instead of focusing on the binary question of whether stakeholders support or oppose SWD gene drive technology, it is more important to identify and assess the factors that are consequential to stakeholder decision making – including, for example, exploring whether and under what conditions key potential adverse effects and potential benefits would result from the use of SWD gene drive technology.
Information Sharing in Senegal on the Gene Drive Technology as a potential Complementary Tool for Malaria Vector Control
19902AUDA-NEPAD, AUDA-NEPAD, 2022-01-04 08:23:49.
AUDA-NEPAD in partnership with the National Biosafety Authority (Autorité Nationale de Biosécurité (ANB) in Senegal organized an Information sharing meeting on the gene drive technology as a complementary tool for malaria vector control, from 22-23 December 2021, in Somone, Senegal. The key objective of the meeting was to discuss the opportunities offered by gene drive technology for malaria control, based on the current state of art of knowledge and experiences from countries that are testing this approach. Sixty people, including key stakeholders from relevant institutions in Senegal and experts from Burkina Faso and Mali took part in the meeting. In his opening remarks, Mr. Ousseynou Kassé, Executive Director of ANB thanked AUDA-NEPAD for the support provided in the organization of this meeting. He also thanked the experts from Burkina Faso and Mali who came to share their experiences on the subject. “We started the discussions on the Gene Drive approach some years ago at the COP-MOP meeting held in Mexico and we continued it in the past years in the sub-region. Recently we were in Accra twice to discuss the same topic ahead of the next COP-MOP meeting”, he said. Mr. Yero Dé, Chairperson of the Orientation Council of ANB, highlighted that the meeting seeks to improve stakeholders’ understanding of the gene drive technology as a novel malaria control approach. “We need to consider adopting this new approach through an open discussion on how this technology could be used in the health sector and in particular in malaria control and elimination. Malaria mortality rate is very high in most of our countries and the efforts deployed so far to control the disease face important challenges, including the resistance of the vector to the current treatments”, he further stated.
Stakeholder Views on Engagement, Trust, Performance, and Risk Considerations About Use of Gene Drive Technology in Agricultural Pest Management
19900C. L. Goldsmith, K. E. Kang, E. Heitman, Z. N. Adelman, L. W. Buchman, D. Kerns, X. Liu, R. F. Medina and A. Vedlitz, Health Security, 2021-12-31 08:17:50.
Gene drive is an experimental technique that may make it possible to alter the genetic traits of whole populations of a species through the genetic modification of a relatively small number of individuals. This technology is sufficiently new that literature on the understanding and views of stakeholders and the public regarding the use of gene drive organisms in agricultural pest management is just beginning to emerge. Our team conducted a 2-pronged engagement process with Texas gene drive agricultural stakeholders to ascertain their values, beliefs, and preferences about the efficacy, safety, and risk management considerations of gene drive technology as a potential tool for agricultural pest management. We found that a majority of stakeholders support gene drive research and its potential use for managing agricultural pests. Our work with stakeholders confirms both their willingness to be engaged and the importance they place on stakeholder and public engagement regarding these issues, as well as the need to address these issues before use of gene drive as a pest management mechanism will be accepted and trusted.
Facilitating the Conversation: Gene Drive Classification
19766J. Overcash and A. Golnar, Health Security, 2021-12-29 13:09:10.
Gene drives are an emerging technology with tremendous potential to impact public health, agriculture, and conservation. While gene drives can be described simply as selfish genetic elements (natural or engineered) that are inherited at non-Mendelian rates, upon closer inspection, engineered gene drive technology is a complex class of biotechnology that uses a diverse number of genetic features to bias rates of inheritance. As a complex technology, gene drives can be difficult to comprehend, not only for the public and stakeholders, but also to risk assessors, risk managers, and decisionmakers not familiar with gene drive literature. To address this difficulty, we describe a gene drive classification system based on 5 functional characteristics. These characteristics include a gene drive's objective, mechanism, release threshold, range, and persistence. The aggregate of the gene drive's characteristics can be described as the gene drive's architecture. Establishing a classification system to define different gene drive technologies should make them more comprehensible to the public and provide a framework to guide regulatory evaluation and decisionmaking.
Determinants of stakeholders’ attitudes and intentions toward supporting the use of Wolbachia-infected Aedes mosquitoes for dengue control
19744A. F. Arham, L. Amin, M. A. C. Mustapa, Z. Mahadi, M. Yaacob and M. Ibrahim, BMC Public Health, 21:2314. 2021-12-23 13:22:08.
BACKGROUND: A recent approach in controlling dengue is by using the Wolbachia-infected Aedes mosquito (WiAM). The approach has been reported to be more effective than traditional methods, such as fogging. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the factors predicting its acceptance among stakeholders before implementing this technology more widely in Malaysia. METHODS: The survey data were collected from two primary stakeholder groups using a stratified random sampling technique. The two primary stakeholder groups were scientists (n = 202) and the public (n = 197) in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia, a hot spot area known for the high rate of dengue cases. The respondents answered questions on a seven-point Likert scale survey regarding trust in key players, attitudes toward nature versus materialism, religiosity, perceived benefits, perceived risks, attitudes, and intentions. The data were analyzed using Smart Partial Least Square (SmartPLS) software (version 3.2.6) to determine the predictors influencing attitudes and intentions to support the use of WiAM technology. RESULTS: The results indicated a strong positive relationship between attitudes and intentions to support the use of WiAM (β = 0.676, p < 0.001). The most important significant predictor for attitudes was perceived benefits (β = 0.493, p < 0.001), followed by perceived risks (β = - 0.080, p = 0.048). Trust in key players, attitudes toward nature versus material, and religiosity had indirect relationships with attitudes through the perceived benefits and risks. CONCLUSIONS: The identified predictors can serve as indicators for the decision-making process regarding WiAM implementation in Malaysia and other developing countries with similar demographics and cultures.
Integrated Management of Malaria Vectors in Africa
19971R. Mbabazi, K. Maredia, B. B. El-Sayed, A. K. Babumba, M. Savadogo and O. Akinbo, Genetically Modified and other Innovative Vector Control Technologies, 2021-12-21 11:36:56.
Malaria disease is a major public health burden in Africa. The control of malaria vectors is a critical component for prevention, management, and eradication of malaria disease. This chapter presents information on the current status of malaria vector control in Africa with emphasis on integrated vector management (IVM) programs. The chapter highlights innovative and emerging technologies such as sterile insect technique, gene drive, Wolbachia-based biological control, and other technologies for malaria vector control in Africa which can be integrated into IVM programs. The chapter also provides global resources on malaria vector management programs.
Measuring Public Attitudes to Releases of Transgenic Mosquitoes for Disease Control, with Special Reference to Dengue and Malaria
19958L. A. De Las Llagas and M. S. T. Gunigundo, Genetically Modified and other Innovative Vector Control Technologies, 2021-12-21 11:10:05.
Since the advent of DDT in public health and agriculture, science leaped forward with revolutionary technology such as gene drive or editing, thus making it possible to develop alternative approaches to address vector-borne diseases. However, their utilization and sustenance in public life are dependent on public attitude, i.e., societal awareness and social acceptance. In the face of strong skepticism against genetically modified organisms in both developed and developing countries, public acceptance is therefore a requirement (Boete and Beisel 2013, and Bohannon 2002, as cited in De Souza et al. Understanding the requirements and factors necessary for the acceptance of genetically modified mosquitoes as a potential malaria control tool in Ghana: a questionnaire survey, AsPac J Biol Biotechnol 21(3):76–88, 2013).
Arthropods of Medical Importance: Need for Genetic and Other Innovative Vector Control Technologies, with Emphasis on Eco-biosocial and Environmental Considerations.
19923B. K. Tyagi, Genetically Modified and other Innovative Vector Control Technologies, 2021-12-21 09:22:08.
Among the world’s known vector groups, viz. arthropods, snails and rodents, the most important vectors originate from arthropods, the jointed legs. Arthropods are doubtlessly regarded as the most dominant creatures on the Earth due largely to their remarkable structural and behavioural diversity, besides humongous species preponderance. Of course, some of these arthropods are serious pests and/or vectors of human and animal diseases—deadly, debilitating and economy destructing. According to an estimate, arthropod species make approximately 80% of the global biological diversity. Born some 350–400 million years ago, they have of course achieved, to the utter envy of all other animal forms, a formidable genetic diversity and robustness so much so that they have virtually captivated pivotal human attention for centuries. They serve as a spectacular model of bioprospecting or laboratory experiments mostly because they are found in abundance, breed prodigiously and are exceptionally easier to culture or cultivate. For the aforesaid reasons, arthropods are also the easy target for genetic manipulations such as the transgenesis (using the release of insect carrying dominant lethal (RIDL) gene system or gene drive-based genome editing, e.g. CRISPR/Cas9, to suppress or replace the vector population) or paratransgenesis (e.g. deploying endosymbiont Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility for replacing natural vector population). In particular, the advent of CRISPR technology has excited the potential to engineer new game-changing technologies and innovative systems that can be used to control wild populations of mosquitoes. Two developments of particular interest are a self-limiting system termed precision-guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT) and a homing-based gene drive (HGD). The unique features of these systems can make them valuable tools to control vector mosquitoes in the future. All these biotechnological advancements in vector control are designed to fit well in the multi-methodical integrated vector management (IVM) strategy.
Genetically Modified and other Innovative Vector Control Technologies
19912B. K. Tyagi, SpringerLink, 2021-12-21 08:48:19.
This book comprehensively covers the latest development in developing and deploying the genetically modified vectors, particularly Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes responsible for transmitting malaria parasites and dengue viruses, the most deadly and/or debilitating among all the vector-borne diseases. It is considered timely and commensurate to bring about a book dealing with the various ecological, biological and social as well as regulatory aspects for the deployment of genetically modified vectors in special context with the biosafety of humans, his associates, and the environment. Written by an array of specialists and experts in various subjects of genetically modified organisms, this book centrally addresses the (i) basic principles of the genetic manipulation of vectors and they are potential impact on human and the environment, (ii) ecological, biological, ethical, legal and social implications of the use of genetically modified vectors, (iii) identification of potential hazards; assessment and management of risks for human and environment; risk/benefit analysis, (iv) principles and practices for the assessment and management of biosecurity and biosafety in laboratories (and in the field), (v) guiding principles for creation and management of institutional or national biosafety review boards and ethics review committees, and (vi) development and application of a biosafety regulatory framework and its related legal principles at national levels for securing the development and use of vector control methods based on genetic modification strategies.
Safe Application of Genetically Modified Mosquito (GMM) to Combat Dengue and Chikungunya Depends on Socioeconomic Status and Social Acceptance in the Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Analysis
19898M. N. Islam, Genetically Modified and other Innovative Vector Control Technologies, 2021-12-21 08:16:32.
The emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases are a serious public health problem throughout the world. It has been observed that more than 100 countries and approximately half of the world’s population are at risk on vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The global burden of the vector-borne diseases is unacceptably high. It alludes toward their functional inappropriateness, untimeliness, and irrelevance in controlling vectors and vector-borne diseases. Modern technologies, coupled with other appropriate ones within the precincts of integrated vector management (IVM), can tide over this situation posed by conventional, mostly insecticide-based, methodologies. A lot of challenges, obstacles, and interruptive factors have warranted urgent deployment of new approaches for the control of VBDs keeping in mind the inbuilt ethical, social, and regulatory issues. Genetically modified mosquito (GMM) technology is a complex and highly sophisticated biotechnological intervention for suppression of vector populations. Wolbachia-associated sterile insect technique (SIT) has been proved highly significant and effective for replacement of mosquito populations. Adopting a highly sophisticated GMM technology to suppress or replace the mosquito populations’ density is a big question in developing countries because their priority is directed to foremost fulfill the basic human rights to sustain. Yet, notwithstanding foreseeable bottlenecks, of paramount importance is the need to deploy GMM technology with due consideration to socioeconomic factors and availability of advanced biotechnological facilities during the application of GMM in the developing countries.
Malaria vector control tools in emergency settings: What do experts think? Results from a DELPHI survey
19785C. Boete, S. Burza, E. Lasry, S. Moriana and W. Robertson, Conflict and Health, 15:11. 2021-12-20 14:16:22.
Background The use and implementation of novel tools for malaria control such as long lasting impregnated bednets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) over the last decade has contributed to a substantial reduction in malaria burden globally. However numerous challenges exist particularly in relation to vector control in emergency settings. This study seeks to explore expert opinion on the utility of existing tools within the emergency context setting and to better understand the attitude towards emerging and innovative tools (including Genetically Modified Mosquitoes) to augment current approaches. Methods 80 experts in the field of malaria and vector control were invited to participate in a two-round Delphi survey. They were selected through a combination of literature (academic and policy publications) review and snowball sampling reflecting a range of relevant backgrounds including vector control experts, malaria programme managers and emergency response specialists. The survey was conducted online through a questionnaire including the possibility for free text entry, and concentrated on the following topics: Utility and sustainability of current vector control tools, both in and outside emergency settings Feasibility, utility and challenges of emerging vector control tools, both in and outside emergency settings Current and unmet research priorities in malaria vector control and in malaria control in general. Results 37 experts completed the first round and 31 completed the second round of the survey. There was a stronger consensus about the increased utility of LLIN compared to IRS in all settings, while insecticide-treated covers and blankets ranked very high only in emergency settings. When considering the combination of tools, the ones deemed most interesting always involved LLINs and IRS regardless of the setting, and the acceptability and the efficacy at reducing transmission are essential characteristics. Regarding perceptions of tools currently under development, consensus was towards improvement of existing tools rather than investing in novel approaches and the majority of respondents expressed distrust for genetic approaches. Conclusion Malaria vector control experts expressed more confidence for tools whose efficacy is backed up by epidemiological evidence, hence a preference for the improvement rather than the combination of existing tools. Moreover, while several novel tools are under development, the majority of innovative approaches did not receive support, particularly in emergency settings. Stakeholders involved in the development of novel tools should involve earlier and raise awareness of the potential effectiveness amongst a wider range of experts within the malaria community to increase acceptability and improve early adoption once the evidence base is established.
Gene Editing in the Wild: Shaping Decisions through Broad Public Deliberation
19701M. K. Gusmano, G. E. Kaebnick, K. J. Maschke, C. P. Neuhaus and B. C. Wills, The Hastings Center Report, 51. 2021-12-14 19:46:28.
The essays in this special report grew out of a project funded by the National Science Foundation (with NSF award number 1827935). Gregory E. Kaebnick and Michael K. Gusmano were co-principal investigators on the project, and Karen J. Maschke and Carolyn P. Neuhaus were coinvestigators. Ben Curran Wills was project manager and research assistant. Genetic editing technologies have long been used to modify domesticated nonhuman animals and plants. Recently, attention and funding have also been directed toward projects for modifying nonhuman organisms in the shared environment—that is, in the “wild.” Interest in gene editing nonhuman organisms for wild release is motivated by a variety of goals, and such releases hold the possibility of significant, potentially transformative benefit. The technologies also pose risks and are often surrounded by a high uncertainty. Given the stakes, scientists and advisory bodies have called for public engagement in the science, ethics, and governance of gene editing research in nonhuman organisms. Most calls for public engagement lack details about how to design a broad public deliberation, including questions about participation, how to structure the conversations, how to report on the content, and how to link the deliberations to policy. We summarize the key design elements that can improve broad public deliberations about gene editing in the wild.
Deficits of Public Deliberation in U.S. Oversight for Gene Edited Organisms
19650J. Kuzma, Hastings Center Report, 51 Suppl 2:S25-s33. 2021-12-14 18:49:23.
Environmental releases of gene edited (GEdOs) and gene drive organisms (GDOs) will likely occur under conditions of high uncertainty and in complex socioecological systems. Therefore, public deliberation is especially important to account for diverse interpretations of safety, risks, and benefits; to draw on experiential and public wisdom in areas of proposed release; to ameliorate dangers of technological optimism; and to increase the public legitimacy of decisions. Yet there is a "democratic deficit" in the United States' oversight system for GEdOs and GDOs, as unconflicted experts, publics, and skeptical stakeholders are most often excluded from decision-making and unavailable to critically examine potential risks and benefits or raise broader concerns about socioeconomic or cultural impacts. This article argues for the need to open up decision-making for GEdOs and GDOs, discusses the challenges for doing so within the current oversight framework, and finally, proposes institutional, policy, and attitudinal changes that are likely important for overcoming barriers to public deliberation.
Public Deliberation about Gene Editing in the Wild
19648M. K. Gusmano, G. E. Kaebnick, K. J. Maschke, C. P. Neuhaus and B. C. Wills, Hastings Center Report, 51 Suppl 2:S2-s10. 2021-12-14 18:42:52.
Genetic editing technologies have long been used to modify domesticated nonhuman animals and plants. Recently, attention and funding have also been directed toward projects for modifying nonhuman organisms in the shared environment-that is, in the "wild." Interest in gene editing nonhuman organisms for wild release is motivated by a variety of goals, and such releases hold the possibility of significant, potentially transformative benefit. The technologies also pose risks and are often surrounded by a high uncertainty. Given the stakes, scientists and advisory bodies have called for public engagement in the science, ethics, and governance of gene editing research in nonhuman organisms. Most calls for public engagement lack details about how to design a broad public deliberation, including questions about participation, how to structure the conversations, how to report on the content, and how to link the deliberations to policy. We summarize the key design elements that can improve broad public deliberations about gene editing in the wild.
Empowering Indigenous Knowledge in Deliberations on Gene Editing in the Wild
19646R. Taitingfong and A. Ullah, Hastings Center Report, 51 Suppl 2:S74-s84. 2021-12-14 18:38:07.
Proposals to release genetically engineered organisms in the wild raise complex ethical issues related to their safe and equitable implementation. While there is broad agreement that community and public engagement is vital to decision-making in this context, more discussion is needed about who should be engaged in such activities and in what ways. This article identifies Indigenous peoples as key stakeholders in decisions about gene-editing in the wild and argues that engagement activities need not only include Indigenous peoples but also be designed, conducted, and analyzed in ways that confront longstanding power imbalances that dismiss Indigenous expertise. We offer specific recommendations to guide deliberative activities to not only be inclusive of Indigenous peoples but also to empower their diverse, situated knowledges. We call on those committed to the inclusive design of broad public deliberation to pursue strategies that shift dominant power dynamics to include Indigenous communities in more meaningful ways.
The Decision Phases Framework for Public Engagement: Engaging Stakeholders about Gene Editing in the Wild
19643S. K. Barnhill-Dilling, A. Kokotovich and J. A. Delborne, Hastings Center Report, 51 Suppl 2:S48-s61. 2021-12-14 18:30:37.
Some experts and advocates propose environmental biotechnologies such as genetic engineering, gene drive systems, and synthetic biology as potential solutions to accelerating rates of species loss. While these tools may offer hope for a seemingly intractable problem, they also present potential governance challenges for which innovative decision-making systems are required. Two of the perennial governance challenges include, when are broader stakeholder groups involved in these decisions and who exactly should be involved? We propose the decision phases framework-which includes research and development, regulatory review, and deployment, management, and monitoring-as a framework for identifying which stakeholders might be best suited for different phases throughout the innovation and deployment of emerging environmental biotechnologies for species protection.
Public Perceptions Regarding Genomic Technologies Applied to Breeding Farm Animals: A Qualitative Study
19920F. Z. Naab, D. Coles, E. Goddard and L. J. Frewer, BioTech, 10. 2021-12-03 09:13:38.
The societal acceptability of different applications of genomic technologies to animal production systems will determine whether their innovation trajectories will reach the commercialisation stage. Importantly, technological implementation and commercialisation trajectories, regulation, and policy development need to take account of public priorities and attitudes. More effective co-production practices will ensure the application of genomic technologies to animals aligns with public priorities and are acceptable to society. Consumer rejection of, and limited demand for, animal products developed using novel genomic technologies will determine whether they are integration into the food system. However, little is known about whether genomic technologies that accelerate breeding but do not introduce cross-species genetic changes are more acceptable to consumers than those that do. Five focus groups, held in the north east of England, were used to explore the perceptions of, and attitudes towards, the use of genomic technologies in breeding farm animals for the human food supply chain. Overall, study participants were more positive towards genomic technologies applied to promote animal welfare (e.g., improved disease resistance), environmental sustainability, and human health. Animal “disenhancement” was viewed negatively and increased food production alone was not perceived as a potential benefit. In comparison to gene editing, research participants were most negative about genetic modification and the application of gene drives, independent of the benefits delivered.
New molecular genetic techniques: regulatory and societal considerations
19403Nielsen, K. M., AREA-WIDE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: Development and Field Application, 2021-11-29 18:07:46.
A rapidly expanding toolbox of techniques available for genome editing provides the basis for a new continuum in types of modifications that can be introduced into a genome and blur the bimodal GMO vs. non-GMO (genetically modified organism) divide. Site-directed nucleases (SDN) are now used to modify existing nucleotides within genomes instead of adding recombined DNA as transgenes. Moreover, new gene drive approaches are in development based on SDNs. A number of potential drive applications have been reported, but uncertainties in trait stability and limitations in knowledge of the affected system at various temporal and spatial levels slow down their current uses. Adoption of new genome targeted technology takes place in a social context. The context will vary between countries and cultures, expressed in values, ethics, politics and priorities - that are translated into different regulatory approaches. Some developed products using new genome editing techniques clearly fall under internationally negotiated regulations of GMOs. However, other product outcomes of editing techniques challenge our current understanding and definition of GMOs. There is an urgent need for further research, for building international consensus and harmonizing regulatory approaches to facilitate categorization, predictability, transparency, trust and trade.
Genome editing and its applications for insect pest control: Curse or blessing?
19401Hacker, I. , and Schetelig, M. F, AREA-WIDE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: Development and Field Application, 2021-11-29 18:00:39.
Gene and genome editing are described as cutting-edge research tools with the potential to tackle urgent global challenges in the management of agricultural pests and human disease vectors such as mosquitoes. The field is defined by the chances and challenges to interlink the disciplines of insect genomics, molecular biology, and pest control together with the need for clear risk assessment, policy development and public approval of the application of such novel technologies. The goal is to generate innovative and sustainable pest control solutions applied in the best interest for the environment and human society. Here, starting from available genome editing technologies, the current strategies and applications for insect pest control are discussed, including approaches to overcome the evolution of resistance alleles and other potential pitfalls to be expected from selective pressures resulting from gene drive applications. They are supplemented by views on regulatory, policy and ethical considerations that in our opinion will be necessary to define how the different tools can be used in the future in a safe and responsible way.
Barriers and facilitators of area-wide management including sterile insect technique application: The example of Queensland fruit fly
19365Mankad, A., Loechel, B., and Measham, P. F., AREA-WIDE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: Development and Field Application, 2021-11-29 16:44:16.
The area-wide management (AWM) of highly mobile insect pests such as tephritid fruit flies requires an integrated understanding of technical, social and institutional processes that drive a coordinated approach within a defined area. Furthermore, the success of an AWM programme is dependent upon the coordinated efforts of key stakeholders within the designated area (e.g. growers, community members). Yet, public views regarding AWM may not reflect those views held by scientists or stakeholders. Public considerations for acceptance are likely varied and multidimensional. A series of qualitative (phases 1-2) and quantitative (phase 3) studies examined stakeholder and community attitudes towards AWM to manage Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Tephritidae) and the novel use of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) as a possible component of AWM. Research was conducted over three regions of varying pest prevalence, ranging from zero to endemic; participants included growers, extension officers, industry and government representatives, and members of the general public. Participants in this research were asked to consider potential barriers and facilitators to the widespread uptake of AWM integrating the SIT, including any relevant institutional-level factors. Combined data revealed potential social barriers to AWM and SIT uptake. Most notably, there were perceptions of low efficacy in successfully coordinating key social groups for the purposes of an AW-IPM approach, and a concern for the possibility of 'free-riders' within an areawide system. On the other hand, innovation complexity and observability of outcomes were important factors contributing to acceptance of AWM. Importantly, all participants were influenced by the attitudes and behaviours of important others. Participants also identified key facilitators that could assist in the uptake of AWM using the SIT. These facilitators include the importance of trustworthy information sources and harnessing the persuasive influence of community champions and central packing houses on commercial growers. Overall, there was high stated acceptance for the SIT, both on-farm and in towns, as long as SIT application was found to be economically feasible at individual farm or household level and the community was adequately consulted.
Podcast: Malaria Gene Drive
19474S. Hartley, S. Neema and C. Opesen, University of Exeter Business School, 2021-11-25 15:15:30.
Professor Sarah Hartley and her two colleagues in Uganda, Stella Neema and Chris Opesen discuss gene drive research for malaria control. Funded by British Academy and Wellcome trust, their work is to understand the social science challenges around the development of this kind of technology and to consider how governance and ethics should be managed when dealing with a scientific breakthrough such as this.
A Household-Based Survey to Understand Factors Influencing Awareness, Attitudes and Knowledge towards Wolbachia-Aedes Technology
19435L. T. Soh, Z. Ong, K. Vasquez, I. Chen, X. Li, W. Niah, C. Panchapakesan, A. Sheldenkar, S. Sim, L. C. Ng and M. O. Lwin, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18. 2021-11-15 20:37:00.
In 2016, Singapore introduced the release of male Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes to complement vector control efforts and suppress Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in selected study sites. With ongoing expansion of Project Wolbachia-Singapore to cover larger areas, a household-based survey was conducted between July 2019 to February 2020 in two Project Wolbachia study sites using a structured questionnaire, to evaluate current sentiments and assess the need for enhanced public messaging and engagement. The association of factors that influence awareness, attitudes, and knowledge towards the use of Wolbachia-Aedes technology was analysed using Pearson's Chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Of 500 respondents, 74.8% were aware of Project Wolbachia-Singapore. Comparatively, the level of knowledge on Wolbachia-Aedes technology was lower, suggesting knowledge gaps that require enhanced communication and messaging to address misinformation. Longer exposure to the project predicted greater awareness, whereas higher education levels predicted higher knowledge levels. Younger age groups and higher education levels were associated with high acceptance towards the project. High levels of trust and acceptance towards the project were also observed across the population. The public's positive perception of the project is a testament to the effective public communication undertaken to date and will facilitate programme expansion.
Gene drive and RNAi technologies: a bio-cultural review of next-generation tools for pest wasp management in New Zealand
19000S. Palmer, P. K. Dearden, O. R. Mercier, A. King-Hunt and P. J. Lester, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1-18. 2021-10-14 15:09:43.
There is a global need for novel, next-generation technologies and techniques to manage pest species. We review work on potential step-changing technologies for large landscape (>1000 hectares) pest management of social Vespula wasps. We also review M?ori perspectives on these controls to gauge social and cultural acceptability to research, test and use of novel controls. Approaches discussed are the use of gene silencing (RNAi) and gene drives (CRISPR-Cas 9) involving genetic modification, which has potential for pest control but vary in feasibility, cost, benefits and off-target risks. RNAi may be better suited for wasp control in high-value cropping systems due to scaling inefficiencies. Gene drives offer potential for large-scale control but would require legislative and wide social deliberation due to their status as genetic modification. Both RNAi and gene drives will require consultation with tangata whenua. M?ori interest groups agreed that exotic wasps must be controlled and expressed aversion to non-targeted traditional control methods. We present a diversity of opinions in parallel with scientific research underscoring the need for continued dialogue with M?ori. Novel biotechnological controls must satisfy a broad range of social and cultural criteria, receive regulatory approval, along with being demonstrated as safe, selective, and cost-effective.
Small-scale release of non-gene drive mosquitoes in Burkina Faso: from engagement implementation to assessment, a learning journey
18910L. Pare Toe, N. Barry, A. D. Ky, S. Kekele, W. Meda, K. Bayala, M. Drabo, D. Thizy and A. Diabate, Malaria Journal, 20:395. 2021-10-11 14:50:37.
This study provides a review of engagement activities relevant to field trials on non-gene drive genetically-modified mosquitoes as well as an assessment framework-using both qualitative and quantitative studies as well as an audit procedure. The latter was implemented to evaluate whether the release activities could proceed with the appropriate level of agreement from the community. RESULTS: This paper shows the importance of this first phase of work to innovate and learn about engagement processes for responsible research in the field of genetic approaches for malaria vector control. The function of these assessments is crucial for the learning agenda. The assessments demonstrated ways to increase understanding and ensure effective progress with field studies and, therefore, the pathway for responsible research.
Oxitec and MosquitoMate in the United States: lessons for the future of gene drive mosquito control
17890C. E. Schairer, J. Najera, A. A. James, O. S. Akbari and C. S. Bloss, Pathogens and Global Health, 2021-07-27 12:51:01.
ABSTRACTIn response to growing concerns regarding mosquito-borne diseases, scientists are developing novel systems of vector control. Early examples include Oxitec?s OX513A genetically-engineered mosquito and MosquitoMate?s Wolbachia-infected mosquito, and systems using ?gene-drive? are in development. Systems based on genetic engineering are controversial and institutions around the world are grappling with the question of who should have a say in how such technologies are field-tested and used. Based on media coverage and public records, we created comparative timelines of the efforts of Oxitec and MosquitoMate to navigate federal and local governance and bring their products to market in the United States. We analyze these timelines with particular attention to the role of public input in technology governance. These cases illustrate how governance of technology in the US is diverse, complex, and opaque. Further, the public response to proposed field trials of the Oxitec product highlights inconsistencies between public expectations for governance and actual practice. As gene-drive mosquito control products develop, both federal and local agencies will find their legitimacy tested without a better procedure for transparently integrating public input.
Risk management recommendations for environmental releases of gene drive modified insects
17829Y. Devos, J. D. Mumford, M. B. Bonsall, D. C. M. Glandorf and H. D. Quemada, Biotechnology Advances, 2021-07-25 13:02:06.
The ability to engineer gene drives (genetic elements that bias their own inheritance) has sparked enthusiasm and concerns. Engineered gene drives could potentially be used to address long-standing challenges in the control of insect disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species, or help to rescue endangered species. However, risk concerns and uncertainty associated with potential environmental release of gene drive modified insects (GDMIs) have led some stakeholders to call for a global moratorium on such releases or the application of other strict precautionary measures to mitigate perceived risk assessment and risk management challenges. Instead, we provide recommendations that may help to improve the relevance of risk assessment and risk management frameworks for environmental releases of GDMIs. These recommendations include: (1) developing additional and more practical risk assessment guidance to ensure appropriate levels of safety; (2) making policy goals and regulatory decision-making criteria operational for use in risk assessment so that what constitutes harm is clearly defined; (3) ensuring a more dynamic interplay between risk assessment and risk management to manage uncertainty through closely interlinked pre-release modelling and post-release monitoring; (4) considering potential risks against potential benefits, and comparing them with those of alternative actions to account for a wider (management) context; and (5) implementing a modular, phased approach to authorisations for incremental acceptance and management of risks and uncertainty. Along with providing stakeholder engagement opportunities in the risk analysis process, the recommendations proposed may enable risk managers to make choices that are more proportionate and adaptive to potential risks, uncertainty and benefits of GDMI applications, and socially robust.
How do local communities participate in gene drive research?
16680Outreach Network for Gene Drive Research, 2021-04-12 14:39:00.
How do local communities participate in gene drive research?
Experimenting with co-development: a qualitative study of gene drive research for malaria control in Mali
16639S. Hartley, K. Ledingham, R. Owen, S. Leonelli, S. Diarra and S. Diop, Social Science and Medicine, 2021-03-21 14:37:21.
Our findings suggest co-development is opening up previously expert-dominated spaces as researchers attempt to take responsibility for the societal implications of their work. However, its main function is as a project management tool to enable and instrumentally support technological development, field trials and eventual deployment. This function extends into areas which are traditionally the responsibility of the state, such as regulatory development, facilitated by Mali’s fragile political and economic situation. Paradoxically, co-development simultaneously depoliticises gene drive, masking power relations and closing down substantive debate and agency. Characterised by extreme poverty, conflict and weak institutions, Mali may become a site for technological experimentation where there is little interrogation of gene drive or its governance.
The ethical scientist in a time of uncertainty
16620L. Zoloth, Cell, 184:1430-1439. 2021-03-18 17:59:56.
Using the example of gene drives for malaria control to explore the problem of deep uncertainty in biomedical research, I argue that profound uncertainty is an essential feature. Applying the language and presumptions of the discipline of philosophical ethics, I describe three types of uncertainty that raise ethical challenges in scientific research. Rather than mitigate these challenges with excessive precautions and limits on progress, I suggest that researchers can cultivate classic values of veracity, courage, humility, and fidelity in their research allowing science to proceed ethically under conditions of deep uncertainty.
Ugandan stakeholder hopes and concerns about gene drive mosquitoes for malaria control: new directions for gene drive risk governance
16600S. Hartley, R. D. J. Smith, A. Kokotovich, C. Opesen, T. Habtewold, K. Ledingham, B. Raymond and C. B. Rwabukwali, Malaria Journal, 20:149. 2021-03-16 18:12:21.
The African Union’s High-Level Panel on Emerging Technologies identified gene drive mosquitoes as a priority technology for malaria elimination. The first field trials are expected in 5–10 years in Uganda, Mali or Burkina Faso. In preparation, regional and international actors are developing risk governance guidelines which will delineate the framework for identifying and evaluating risks. Scientists and bioethicists have called for African stakeholder involvement in these developments, arguing the knowledge and perspectives of those people living in malaria-afflicted countries is currently missing. However, few African stakeholders have been involved to date, leaving a knowledge gap about the local social-cultural as well as ecological context in which gene drive mosquitoes will be tested and deployed. This study investigates and analyses Ugandan stakeholders’ hopes and concerns about gene drive mosquitoes for malaria control and explores the new directions needed for risk governance.
Experts’ moral views on gene drive technologies: a qualitative interview study
16565N. de Graeff, K. R. Jongsma and A. L. Bredenoord, BMC Medical Ethics, 22:25. 2021-03-08 13:56:59.
Gene drive technologies (GDTs) promote the rapid spread of a particular genetic element within a population of non-human organisms. Potential applications of GDTs include the control of insect vectors, invasive species and agricultural pests. Whether, and if so, under what conditions, GDTs should be deployed is hotly debated. Although broad stances in this debate have been described, the convictions that inform the moral views of the experts shaping these technologies and related policies have not been examined in depth in the academic literature.
Hybrid mosquitoes? Evidence from rural Tanzania on how local communities conceptualize and respond to modified mosquitoes as a tool for malaria control
16567M. F. Finda, F. O. Okumu, E. Minja, R. Njalambaha, W. Mponzi, B. B. Tarimo, P. Chaki, J. Lezaun, A. H. Kelly and N. Christofides, Malaria Journal, 20:134. 2021-03-06 14:11:52.
Different forms of mosquito modifications are being considered as potential high-impact and low-cost tools for future malaria control in Africa. Although still under evaluation, the eventual success of these technologies will require high-level public acceptance. Understanding prevailing community perceptions of mosquito modification is, therefore, crucial for effective design and implementation of these interventions. This study investigated community perceptions regarding genetically-modified mosquitoes (GMMs) and their potential for malaria control in Tanzanian villages where no research or campaign for such technologies has yet been undertaken.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Survey in Greece before the Implementation of Sterile Insect Technique against Aedes albopictus
16661A. Stefopoulou, S. L. LaDeau, N. Syrigou, G. Balatsos, V. Karras, I. Lytra, E. Boukouvala, D. P. Papachristos, P. G. Milonas, A. Kapranas, P. Vahamidis and A. Michaelakis, Insects, 12. 2021-03-02 13:52:16.
A KAP tool was used to shed light on the knowledge, practices, and attitudes of local community members in order to better prepare and motivate participation in household mosquito control and to assess current understanding of SIT. Each household also received specific information about mosquito source habitat in their own yards at the time of the initial KAP survey. These household data were complemented by standardized mosquito trapping in the municipality. Our findings indicate that citizens’ attitude toward SIT ranged from indecisive to fully supportive, while 77.5% of the respondents agreed that the SIT has many advantages over chemical control methods. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that using the door-to-door campaign as an intervention and prerelease method before SIT can suppress the initial mosquito population and potentially improve its efficacy. Lastly, we show that the presence of local municipality officials during door-to-door visits was associated with increased willingness from the residents to participate in the intervention.
Demographic and psychographic drivers of public acceptance of novel invasive pest control technologies
17086F. Eppink, P. J. Walsh and E. MacDonald, Ecology and Society, 26. 2021-03-01 15:15:26.
Invasive mammals are a primary threat to New Zealand's endemic species. In remote areas, aerial delivery of poison is the preferred method of pest management, although it faces some public backlash. Novel pest control technologies are currently being investigated as alternatives but may face similar concerns. To investigate potential social and demographic determinants of public perceptions of new methods for pest control, we conducted a national choice experiment, focused on several novel technologies: gene drives, Trojan females, and species-specific poisons. We found that preferences strongly depend on the type of technology, with Trojan female technology strictly preferred to the other two. Although several characteristics affected preferences in predictable ways education, trust in science, and liberal political leaning increased acceptance ;the same did not hold with preferences for aerial delivery. Our results are useful for targeting future engagement campaigns and leveraging existing efforts.
Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) against Aedes Species Mosquitoes: A Roadmap and Good Practice Framework for Designing, Implementing and Evaluating Pilot Field Trials
16659C. F. Oliva, M. Q. Benedict, C. M. Collins, T. Baldet, R. Bellini, H. Bossin, J. Bouyer, V. Corbel, L. Facchinelli, F. Fouque, M. Geier, A. Michaelakis, D. Roiz, F. Simard, C. Tur and L.-C. Gouagna, Insects, 12. 2021-02-24 13:44:35.
We offer here a pragmatic and accessible ‘roadmap’ for the pre-pilot and pilot phases to guide any interested party. This will support stakeholders, non-specialist scientists, implementers, and decision-makers. Applying these concepts will ensure, given adequate resources, a sound basis for local field trialing and for developing experience with the technique in readiness for potential operational deployment. This synthesis is based on the available literature, in addition to the experience and current knowledge of the expert contributing authors in this field. We describe a typical path to successful pilot testing, with the four concurrent development streams of Laboratory, Field, Stakeholder Relations, and the Business and Compliance Case. We provide a graphic framework with criteria that must be met in order to proceed.
Plain language summary: How do we have a public conversation about new technologies for conservation? The possibilities and pitfalls of scientific language
16409Annonymous, Relational Thinking, 2021-02-17 18:30:27.
Having caused a catastrophic decline of animal species, people now look to new technologies to reverse the damage. Gene drive is a potential tool that could increase the proportion of male offspring in rat populations and eventually reduce their overall numbers. Some suggest this tool could eliminate rats from islands, like New Zealand, where rats have a devastating impact on native species. While holding much potential, the New Zealand public has shown hesitation towards genetic tools. In our study, we investigated how four articles, each emphasizing a different aspect of gene drive (i.e., humaneness, pragmatism, decision making, and scientific innovation), impacted opinion towards gene drive alongside people’s emotional responses, biases, and perceived risks towards the tool.
Scientifically framed gene drive communication perceived as credible but riskier
16406E. A. MacDonald, E. D. Edwards, J. Balanovic and F. Medvecky, People and Nature, 2021-02-17 18:23:29.
Framing is a communication technique in which certain beliefs or values are emphasized that resonate with the target audience. Framing may increase how much people objectively think about new information and update their opinions; framing may mitigate emo
Public attitudes towards synthetic biology
16363CSIRO, Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, 2021-02-08 20:06:39.
A national survey has been conducted by CSIRO’s Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform as an important first step in measuring public attitudes towards synthetic biology. The survey draws on the views of more than 8,000 Australians, and researchers are examining the data to determine current attitudes to these emerging technologies
How to engage communities on a large scale? Lessons from World Mosquito Program in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
16361G. B. Costa, R. Smithyman, S. L. O'Neill and L. A. Moreira, Gates Open Research, 2021-02-04 19:26:09.
Here we discuss and analyse the framework for community engagement implemented by the WMP in Brazil, during the large-scale deployment of the method in the municipalities of Niterói and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Our experience indicates that the community engagement work for arboviruses control should be understood as an opportunity for local development. It is necessary, based on an integrated analysis of the territory, to understand that the actions for arboviruses control could be a catalyst for the necessary socioenvironmental, cultural and public health changes. Furthermore, it is essential to understand that community engagement goes beyond informing or asking for population consent, but it constitutes a possibility for dialogue and exchange between the various stakeholders present in the territories, to build on cooperation for mosquito-borne disease control.
Les Européens très critiques vis-à-vis du forçage génétique
16231L. Duboua-Lorsch, EURACTIV, 2021-01-29 16:38:41.
Cette technique, qui vise à éradiquer ou modifier certaines espèces dites nuisibles, sera au cœur des négociations cette année, alors que se profile la COP15 sur la biodiversité. maginez un monde débarrassé d’insectes porteurs de maladies, de parasites agricoles, d’espèces envahissantes… Les possibilités semblent infinies avec la nouvelle technique du « gene drive », en français forçage génétique. Née au début des années 2000, cette technique de modification génétique permet à un gène d’être transmis de manière quasi-systématique à ses descendants. En quelques générations seulement, l’ensemble d’une espèce sauvage peut être remplacée par ces nouveaux individus génétiquement forcés.
Proceedings of an expert workshop on community agreement for gene drive research in Africa – Co-organised by KEMRI, PAMCA and Target Malaria [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
16224D. Thizy, L. Pare Toe, C. Mbogo, D. Matoke-Muhia, V. P. Alibu, S. K. Barnhill-Dilling, T. Chantler, G. Chongwe, J. Delborne, L. Kapiriri, E. Nassonko Kavuma, S. Koloi-Keaikitse, A. Kormos, K. Littler, D. Lwetoijera, R. Vargas de Moraes, N. Mumba, L. Muten, Gates Open Research, 2021-01-28 16:25:31.
Target Malaria, the Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Pan African Mosquito Control Association co-organised a workshop with researchers and practitioners on this topic to question the model proposed by Target Malaria in its research so far that involved the release of genetically modified sterile male mosquitoes and how this could be adapted to future studies involving gene drive mosquito releases for them to offer reflections about potential best practices. This paper shares the outcomes of that workshop and highlights the remaining topics for discussion before a comprehensive model can be design
GENE DRIVE ACCEPTANCE SURVEY
16233YouGov, Pollinis, 2021-01-27 16:47:37.
This representative survey was conducted by the international market research institute YouGov and polled 8.826 citizens from 8 EU countries in December 2020. It was commissioned by WeMove Europe, Save Our Seeds (Germany), Skiftet (Sweden), France Nature Environnement (FNE) (France), POLLINIS (France), OGM Dangers (France), Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz (BUND) (Germany), Deutscher Naturschutzring (DNR) (Germany), Umweltinstitut München (Germany), Za Zemiata (Bulgaria). Deviations from 100% are due to rounding.
Playing God and tampering with nature: popular labels for real concerns in synthetic biology
16201L. Carter, A. Mankad, E. V. Hobman and N. B. Porter, Transgenic Research, 2021-01-27 15:26:41.
We present the findings from a large Australian study (N = 4593) which suggests ‘playing God’ objections and their variants can be multilayered and, at times, accompanied by meaningful information about risk perceptions. We use qualitative analysis of ope
The Promises and Realities of Integration in Synthetic Biology: A View From Social Science
16287L. Carter and A. Mankad, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8. 2021-01-21 17:25:32.
We take stock of thepromises and realities of science integration by sharing our experiences of embarking onthis very challenge in Australia. We conclude by offering suggestions for bringing aboutthe enabling conditions for improved integration across the natural and social sciences.Four key actions are articulated to help pivot synthetic biology toward a more integratedscientific endeavor: (a) formalizing inclusivity from inception to project conclusion; (b)valuing differing philosophical positions as a strength rather than a barrier; (c) acceptingthat integration takes persistence and communication but is immensely rewarding; and(d) promoting meaningful interactions, such as pursuing joint opportunities, co-designingand co-publishing research. We argue that these actions arekey enablers for realizingscience integration in synthetic biology.
Co‐developing a common glossary with stakeholders for engagement on new genetic approaches for malaria control in a local African setting
16104E. Chemonges Wanyama, B. Dicko, L. Pare Toe, M. B. Coulibaly, N. Barry, K. Bayala Traore, A. Diabate, M. Drabo, J. K. Kayondo, S. Kekele, S. Kodio, A. D. Ky, R. R. Linga, E. Magala, W. I. Meda, S. Mukwaya, A. Namukwaya, B. Robinson, H. Samoura, K. Sanogo, Malaria Journal, 20:53. 2021-01-21 14:51:47.
Scientific terminologies are mainly lacking in local languages, yet when research activities involve international partnership, the question of technical jargon and its translation is crucial for effective and meaningful communication with stakeholders. Target Malaria, a not-for-profit research consortium developing innovative genetic approaches to malaria vector control, carried out a linguistic exercise in Mali, Burkina Faso and Uganda to establish the appropriate translation of its key terminology to local languages of sites where the teams operate.
Exploring Gene Drive Technologies in Agriculture, Biodiversity and Human Disease
15963The GBIRd Partnership and The GeneConvene Global Collaborative, Gene Drive Research Forum, 2021-01-14 21:37:12.
The GBIRd Partnership and The GeneConvene Global Collaborative recently collaborated through The Gene Drive Research Forum, to create and produce an engaging conversation between Drs. Fred Gould and Charles Godfray about gene drive technologies – the potential benefits and complicating factors for agriculture, biodiversity, and human disease.
Next-generation tools to control biting midge populations and reduce pathogen transmission
15940P. Shults, L. W. Cohnstaedt, Z. N. Adelman and C. Brelsfoard, Parasites and Vectors, 14:31. 2021-01-07 14:52:23.
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides transmit disease-causing agents resulting in a significant economic impact on livestock industries in many parts of the world. Localized control efforts, such as removal of larval habitat or pesticide application, can be logistically difficult, expensive and ineffective if not instituted and maintained properly. With these limitations, a population-level approach to the management of Culicoides midges should be investigated as a means to replace or supplement existing control strategies. Next-generation control methods such as Wolbachia- and genetic-based population suppression and replacement are being investigated in several vector species. Here we assess the feasibility and applicability of these approaches for use against biting midges. We also discuss the technical and logistical hurdles needing to be addressed for each method to be successful, as well as emphasize the importance of addressing community engagement and involving stakeholders in the investigation and development of these approaches.
Conservation pest control with new technologies: public perceptions
15913E. A. MacDonald, M. B. Neff, E. Edwards, F. Medvecky and J. Balanovic, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021-01-04 13:45:38.
We conducted eleven focus groups in New Zealand to explore three questions about novel technologies (gene drive and two others for comparison of pest control tools): (1) what are the risks/benefits? (2) how do they compare to current methods? and (3) who should be represented on a panel that evaluates the tools and what factors should they consider?
Application of the Relationship-Based Model to Engagement for Field Trials of Genetically Engineered Malaria Vectors
15898A. Kormos, G. C. Lanzaro, E. Bier, G. Dimopoulos, J. M. Marshall, J. Pinto, A. Aguiar dos Santos, A. Bacar, H. Sousa Pontes Sacramento Rompão and A. A. James, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2020-12-21 14:17:29.
Although guidelines and recommendations for engagement for gene drives have recently been described, we argue here that communities and stakeholders should lead the planning, development, and implementation phases of engagement. The RBM provides a new approach to the development of ethical, transparent, and effective engagement strategies for malaria control programs.
Scientists paved the way for field trials of gene-driven organisms
15559K. Winslet, FLORIDA News Times, 2020-12-17 15:01:59.
The recent rise of gene drive research, accelerated by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, has brought about a wave of transformation throughout science.Developed with selected traits that have been genetically engineered to spread throughout the population, Gene Drive Organisms (GDOs) provide solutions to a variety of difficult health and environmental challenges, from control to protection of dengue and malaria. A crop against plant pests that has the power to dramatically change the way it develops.But before these gene-drive organisms move from laboratory to field testing, scientists are proposing courses for responsible testing of this powerful technology. These issues are addressed in the new Policy Forum article on Biotechnology Governance, “Core Commitment for Field Trials of Gene Drive Organisms,” published December 18, 2020. Science By more than 40 researchers, including several scientists at the University of California, San Diego.“Gene drives have led to rapid research, so we need to take a step back and think about its application and its impact on humankind,” said Akbari, the lead author of the article. Associate Professor, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego. “A new initiative to tackle field testing is to ensure that testing is conducted safely, transparent, publicly accountable, and scientifically, politically and socially robust.”
Scientists Set a Path for Field Trials of Gene Drive Organisms
15551M. Aguilera, UC San Diego News Center, 2020-12-17 14:41:55.
The modern rise of gene drive research, accelerated by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, has led to transformational waves rippling across science. Gene drive organisms (GDOs), developed with select traits that are genetically engineered to spread through a population, have the power to dramatically alter the way society develops solutions to a range of daunting health and environmental challenges, from controlling dengue fever and malaria to protecting crops against plant pests. But before these gene drive organisms move from the laboratory to testing in the field, scientists are proposing a course for responsible testing of this powerful technology. These issues are addressed in a new Policy Forum article on biotechnology governance, “Core commitments for field trials of gene drive organisms,” published Dec. 18, 2020 in Science by more than 40 researchers, including several University of California San Diego scientists.
Interdisciplinary development of a standardized introduction to gene drives for lay audiences
15381C. E. Schairer, C. Triplett, A. Buchman, O. S. Akbari and C. S. Bloss, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20:15. 2020-12-10 15:09:37.
While there is wide consensus that the public should be consulted about emerging technology early in development, it is difficult to elicit public opinion about innovations unfamiliar to lay audiences. We sought public input on a program of research on genetic engineering to control mosquito vectors of disease that is led by scientists at the University of California and funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In preparation for this effort, we developed a series of narrated slideshows to prompt responses to the development of gene drive mosquito control strategies among lay people. We describe the development and content of these slideshows and evaluate their ability to elicit discussions among focus group participants.
Engineered Gene Drives: Ecological, Environmental, and Societal Concerns
15292J. Kuzma, GMOs: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Processes, 2020-12-02 17:07:26.
This chapter overviews the types, purposes, and potential impacts of gene drive organisms (GDOs) and discusses challenges with foreseeing and assessing these impacts prior to their environmental release. It concludes with a few examples of risk analysis methods and governance systems that scholars have proposed to cope with the novelty of GDOs and uncertainties associated with their use. With GDOs poised for release in the near future, it is urgent that technologists, ecologists, social scientists, ethicists, stakeholders, and publics work together to grapple with the immense challenges associated with assessments of GDOs and the design of governance systems to ensure their responsible development and potential use.
Transformation and slippage in co-production ambitions for global technology development: The case of gene drive
16634K. Ledingham and S. Hartley, Environmental Science & Policy, 116:78-85. 2020-11-24 17:41:43.
Co-production is an increasingly popular framework for knowledge generation, evaluation and decision making. Despite its potential to open up decisions and practices to the input of others, co-production regularly falls short of its transformative ambitions. Through documentary analysis, we investigate the meaning and dynamics of co-production as it stretches beyond the local into global research and technology spaces. We find that in the case of global gene drive, the meaning of co-production is extended in novel ways and underpinned by new possibilities for meaningful transformation. At the same time, we also identify a simultaneous resurfacing of reductive framings of collaboration. In the paper we present ‘slippage’ as a useful heuristic in helping to understand why co-production fails. We argue that if co-production in these new spaces is to achieve its transformative ambitions, there is a need to engage with new and entrenched knowledge hierarchies that contribute to this slippage.
FNIH Panel on Gene Drive Regulation Emphasizes Need for Local Community Engagement
15222C. Rizk, GenomeWeb, 2020-11-19 21:16:21.
Genetically modified organisms are another topic of deep debate, with some activists agitating for and getting governments to implement deep restrictions on modified crops. More recently, GMO crops have started to regain public favor, particularly in countries where boosting the levels of nutrients in staple crops could provide a benefit for children, or where certain genome modifications could increase crop yields. But reversing public biases and, more importantly, governmental regulations against GMOs won't be a simple matter, even if scientists can show a benefit to the modifications. So, when it comes to the development of the gene drive — another gene modification technology meant to promote the spread of certain genes in organisms such as mosquitoes in order to control or eradicate their populations in a controlled manner — many researchers are determined to foster debate that focuses on the science, includes local communities in the discussion, and leads to governance and regulations that will benefit both the environment and human health.
ARRIGE 2020 Meeting | The promise of CRISPR and gene drive systems to end malaria in Africa
15145E. Gomez-Diaz, ARRIGE org, 2020-11-16 17:08:32.
Presentation by Elena Gómez Díaz (IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain) at the ARRIGE 2020 meeting on "The promise of CRISPR and gene drive systems to end malaria in Africa". Discussion is included at the end of the Ruud de Maagd presentation.https://youtu.be/te3MJ8EZoes
Outcome of a public consultation on the draft adequacy and sufficiency evaluation of existing EFSA guidelines for the molecular characterisation, environmental risk assessment and post-market environmental monitoring of genetically modified insects containing engineered gene drives
15040European Food Safety Authority, Y. Devos, M. B. Bonsall, F. Nogué, K. Paraskevopoulos, E. A. Wimmer and L. G. Firbank, EFSA Supporting Publications, 17:1939E. 2020-11-12 19:10:10.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) carried out an online public consultation to receive input from interested parties/persons on the draftscientific opinion on the adequacy and sufficiencyevaluation of existing guidelines for the molecular characterisation (MC), environmental risk assessment (ERA) and post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of genetically modified insects containing engineered gene drives. This draft scientific opinion was endorsed by the EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) for public consultation on 29 January 2020, and prepared by EFSA'sGene Drive expert Working Group and scientific officers. The public consultation was open from 17 February 2020 until 24 April 2020.
Brave New Planet: Reshaping Nature Through Gene Drives
15047E. Lander, Brave New Planet, 2020-11-09 19:26:24.
A new technology, called gene drives, has the power to spread any genetic instructions you wish across an entire animal or plant species in the wild. It might let us restore ecosystems ravaged by invasive species, or help species adapt to climate change. And, it might save millions of children from dying of malaria. But could altering nature in this way, and on this scale, have unintended consequences? And, when it comes reshaping ecosystems, who needs to say yes?
Advances in genetic engineering test democracy’s capacity for good decision-making
15027N. Kofler and R. Taitingfong, Boston Globe, 2020-11-09 15:31:50.
New advances in genetic engineering and their application for environmental conservation and public health are further testing our democracy’s capacity for good decision-making. With minimal public input, the Environmental Protection Agency recently approved the release of genetically modified mosquitoes in Florida and Texas. An application for the planting of GM American Chestnut trees, engineered to reproduce and spread in the wild, is currently under review by the US Department of Agriculture. And even more complex and powerful genetic technologies intended for environmental release are in the research pipeline.
GeneConvene Global Collaborative | Research and Innovation for biodiversity: what role for gene drive research?
14968EP Intergroup CCBSD, European Bureau of Conservation and Development, 2020-11-06 19:06:04.
This webinar will provide an overview of how gene drive works and the problems it seeks to solve, introduce the most advanced research projects on gene drive in the sector of public health and conservation and present the work that international and European bodies such as WHO, IUCN and EFSA are carrying out on gene drive. It will also be an opportunity to address any questions participants may have with regards to gene drive and stimulate an open debate on the safe and responsible development of the research in this field.
Educating the Public on Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
18527Buckner, Eva A., UF - IFAS, 2020-10-26 16:04:58.
In May 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved Oxitec’s Experimental Use Permit to carry out pilot projects in the Florida Keys. Oxitec is a biotechnology company founded in 2002 out of Oxford University in the United Kingdom. They will be collaborating with the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District. One of the pilot projects will involve releasing Oxitec’s GM Ae. aegypti male mosquitoes (strain OX5034) into a small area to test their ability to reduce the population of wild Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. This project will be the first time that GM mosquitoes are released into nature in the U.S. and is expected to begin in early spring 2021 and continue through spring 2022. The purpose of this document is to provide essential information about GM mosquitoes to the public and those involved in mosquito control in Florida, the U.S., and beyond. Below we present a series of answers to frequently asked questions about the nature of GM mosquitoes, the argument for using GM mosquitoes to control mosquito-transmitted diseases, and the potential impact of this project on the environment and human health. Our hope is that these answers will provide readers with insight into the reasons why GM mosquitoes are being tested for mosquito control in Florida and elsewhere.
GeneConvene Global Collaborative Webinar Series | Engineered Gene Drives: Policy and Regulatory Considerations Webinar Series October-December 2020
14808Hector Quemada and David O'Brochta, GeneConvene Global Collaborative, 2020-10-22 19:38:17.
In this series of webinars the regulatory and policy challenges of moving new innovative genetic biocontrol products such as gene drive technologies to the field will be featured. Each seminar is ~60 minutes in length followed by questions and answers.
GeneConvene Global Collaborative Webinar Series | Gene Drive Policy and Regulatory Considerations 2020
14677Hector Quemada and David O'Brochta, GeneConvene Global Collaborative, 2020-10-13 17:50:24.
This is series of webinars the regulatory and policy challenges of moving new innovative genetic biocontrol products such as gene drive technologies to the field will be featured.
ESA Position Statement on the Importance of Continued Innovation in Gene Drive Technology
14700Entomological Society of America, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2020-10-13 17:39:58.
The risks and benefits of GDTs should be considered with the risks and benefits of continuing current pest control interventions, which may be comparatively less effective or pose exposure risks to human health and the environment.
GeneConvene Global Collaborative Webinar Series | Gene Drive Policy and Regulatory Consideration
14670Hector Quemada and David O'Brochta, GeneConvene Global Collaborative, 2020-10-13 17:34:35.
This is series of webinars the regulatory and policy challenges of moving new innovative genetic biocontrol products such as gene drive technologies to the field will be featured.
Do Africans Want Genetically Modified Mosquitoes?
14591U. Effiong, The Pursuit, 2020-09-30 13:38:38.
The recent publication by fellow Nigerian scientists—Patricia Okorie and colleagues—originally drew my attention to the issue of GMMs.
Global citizen deliberation on genome editing
14607J. S. Dryzek, D. Nicol, S. Niemeyer, S. Pemberton, N. Curato, A. Bächtiger, P. Batterham, B. Bedsted, S. Burall, M. Burgess, G. Burgio, Y. Castelfranchi, H. Chneiweiss, G. Church, M. Crossley, J. de Vries, M. Farooque, M. Hammond, B. He, R. Mendonça, J., Science, 369:1435. 2020-09-18 18:32:40.
Here we show how, as the global governance vacuum is filled, deliberation by a global citizens' assembly should play a role, for legitimate and effective governance.
Responsible innovation in biotechnology: Stakeholder attitudes and implications for research policy
15225P. Roberts, J. Herkert and J. Kuzma, Elementa, 2020-09-01 21:17:09.
Using a mixed methods approach, we analyzed the attitudes of different biotechnology stakeholders, particularly those working in areas related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture and the environment, towards the principles and practices of RI. Homogenous focus groups (organized by stakeholder affiliation) and pre- and post-focus group surveys were used to measure attitudes towards RI. We designed the survey questions according to the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) and examined the agreement of stakeholders with policy core beliefs (general principles of RI) and secondary beliefs (implementation practices of RI). Qualitative analysis of focus-groups revealed barriers for implementing RI practices.
Do Africans need genetically modified mosquitoes?
14261genetically modified, mosquito, oxitec, autocidal, SIT, perspective, malaria, gene drive synthetic, engagement,, Mail and Guardian, 2020-09-01 14:32:06.
The following is an updated version of an article I wrote for the University of Michigan Risk Science Centre a while ago:
Global Governing Bodies: A Pathway for Gene Drive Governance for Vector Mosquito Control
13605A. Kelsey, D. Stillinger, T. B. Pham, J. Murphy, S. Firth and R. Carballar-Lejarazú, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2020-08-05 12:34:11.
We examined the current institutions and governing bodies among various continents that could have an impact on gene drive governance or the potential to adapt to its future use. Possible governance strategies also are proposed that seek to bridge gaps and promote an ethically sound policy framework. Ideally, governance strategies should be developed before or at the same pace as gene drive research to anticipate field releases and maximize their impact as a public health tool.
Exploring gene drive’s role in fight against malaria
13536J. Conrow, Genetic Literacy Project, 2020-08-02 17:02:28.
J. Conrow (2020) Genetic Literacy Project. An international initiative has formed to ensure that gene drive technology gets a chance to prove its mettle in the quest to control malaria.
Biotechnologies in pest wasp control: taking the sting out of pest management for Māori businesses?
14710S. Palmer and O. R. Mercier, New Genetics and Society, 2020-07-31 19:13:18.
A Maori-centered mixed-method study gauged the perceptions of eight Maori businesses about the potential use of five specific new biotechnological controls in pest management.
Après les OGM, la nouvelle technique du forçage génétique inquiète écologistes et scientifiques
13595H. Leussier, Reporterre, 2020-07-28 13:04:33.
Les organismes issus du forçage génétique peuvent transmettre, sans autre intervention humaine, des gènes modifiés à tous leurs descendants. Cette technique permettrait d’éradiquer des espèces nuisibles, comme certains moustiques vecteurs de la malaria. Mais des associations, des scientifiques et des responsables politiques, inquiets de potentiels effets dévastateurs, réclament un moratoire international.
Release of genetically modified mosquitoes in the Florida Keys put on hold
13355D. Goodhue, Miami Herald, 2020-07-21 19:27:08.
Opponents of a plan to release millions of genetically modified mosquitoes in the Florida Keys landed a temporary win on Tuesday.
Genome Editing in Food and Farming: Risks and unexpected consequences
13186J. Cotter and D. Perls, Canadian Biotechnology Action Network, 2020-07-14 17:53:41.
J. Cotter and D. Perls (2020). Canadian Biotechnology Action Network. In this report, we provide an overview of genome editing techniques being explored in agriculture, and the range of potential unexpected effects that can arise from them. The report draws on recent scientific publications, in a rapidly evolving field of research including gene drive and genetic biocontrol.
Translating gene drive science to promote linguistic diversity in community and stakeholder engagement
12560C. Cheung, S. Gamez, R. Carballar-Lejarazú, V. Ferman, V. N. Vásquez, G. Terradas, J. Ishikawa, C. E. Schairer, E. Bier, J. M. Marshall, A. A. James, O. S. Akbari and C. S. Bloss, Global Public Health, 2020-06-26 18:55:10.
Information about genetic engineering (GE) for vector control in the United States is disseminated primarily in English, though non-English speakers are equally, and in some geographic regions even more affected by such technologies. Non-English-speaking publics should have equal access to such information, which is especially critical when the technology in question may impact whole communities. We convened an interdisciplinary workgroup to translate previously developed narrated slideshows on gene drive mosquitoes from English into Spanish, reviewing each iteration for scientific accuracy and accessibility to laypeople. Using the finalised stimuli, we conducted five online, chat-based focus groups with Spanish-speaking adults from California. Overall, participants expressed interest in the topic and were able to summarise the information presented in their own words. Importantly, participants asked for clarification and expressed scepticism about the information presented, indicating critical engagement with the material. Through collaboration with Spanish-speaking scientists engaged in the development of GE methods of vector control, we translated highly technical scientific information into Spanish that successfully engaged Spanish-speaking participants in conversations about this topic. In this manuscript, we document the feasibility of consulting Spanish-speaking publics about a complex emerging technology by drawing on the linguistic diversity of the scientific teams developing the technology.
ENSSER | Gene Drive Webinar Series
12568European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility, 2020-06-16 20:50:52.
This series of five Webinars by some of the authors of the interdisciplinary Gene Drive Report (2019) and were organised by four organisations of independent scientists: the European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility (ENSSER), Critical Scientists Switzerland (CSS), Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler (VDW), Sciences Citoyennes (SC). The series was aimed at a lay audience and were intended to address these questions. Does it really work? Is it being applied? What problems do gene drives address? What side effects can they have? Who has an interest in this? Should we do it? Are gene drives regulated by law? Are they a wise solution to these problems? Who decides?
Jonathan Latham on Gene Drives and the Gates Foundation
12259James Corbett, The Corbett Report, 2020-06-09 18:04:09.
Jonathan Latham of Independent Science News joins us to discuss his 2017 article, “Gates Foundation Hired PR Firm to Manipulate UN Over Gene Drives.” We talk about gene drives, the dangers inherent in this technology, how the UN is involved, and why the Gates Foundation and DARPA are so interested in introducing genetic modifications into various species.
Motivations and expectations driving community participation in entomological research projects: Target Malaria as a case study in Bana, Western Burkina Faso
12435N. Barry, P. Toé, L. Pare Toe, J. Lezaun, M. Drabo, R. K. Dabiré and A. Diabate, Malaria Journal, 19:199. 2020-06-05 20:15:19.
Most field entomology research projects require active participation by local community members. Since 2012, Target Malaria, a not-for-profit research consortium, has been working with residents in the village of Bana, in Western Burkina Faso, in various studies involving mosquito collections, releases and recaptures. The long-term goal of this work is to develop innovative solutions to combat malaria in Africa with the help of mosquito modification technologies. Since the start of the project, Bana residents have played an important role in research activities, yet the motivations and expectations that drive their participation remain under-investigated. This study examines the factors that motivate some members of the local community to contribute to the implementation of Target Malaria’s activities, and, more broadly, explores the reasons that animate citizen participation in entomological research work in malaria-endemic regions.
Islands as Laboratories: Indigenous Knowledge and Gene Drives in the Pacific
12391R. I. Taitingfong, Human Biology, 91:179-188. 2020-06-01 18:19:55.
This article argues that the genetic engineering technology known as gene drive must be evaluated in the context of the historic and ongoing impacts of settler colonialism and military experimentation on indigenous lands and peoples. After defining gene drive and previewing some of the key ethical issues related to its use, the author compares the language used to justify Cold War–era nuclear testing in the Pacific with contemporary scholarship framing islands as ideal test sites for gene drive–modified organisms. In both cases, perceptions of islands as remote and isolated are mobilized to warrant their treatment as sites of experimentation for emerging technologies. Though gene drive may offer valuable interventions into issues affecting island communities (e.g., vector-borne disease and invasive species management), proposals to conduct the first open trials of gene drive on islands are complicit in a long history of injustice that has treated islands (and their residents) as dispensable to the risks and unintended consequences associated with experimentation. This article contends that ethical gene drive research cannot be achieved without the inclusion of indigenous peoples as key stakeholders and provides three recommendations to guide community engagement involving indigenous communities: centering indigenous self-determination, replacing the deficit model of engagement with a truly participatory model, and integrating indigenous knowledge and values in the research and decision-making processes related to gene drive.
Position Paper on Integrated Vector Management: Strengthening AU Members’ Regulatory Capacities for Responsible Research Towards Elimination of Malaria in Africa
12743African Union Development Agency - NEPAD, AUDA-NEPAD, 2020-06-01 13:48:16.
Africa continues to bear a heavy brunt of the malaria which is a disease transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. Thousands of lives, mostly of young children, are lost every year; which undermines efforts deployed at various levels for increased life expectancy and improved wellbeing for the socio-economic transformation of the continent. Accelerated changes and complementary tools are urgently needed to ensure effective elimination of malaria on the continent. Genetic engineering has been identified as one of such promising tools when applied to mosquito populations to reduce the transmission of the malaria parasite. The African Union Development Agency – NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), based on recommendations from the African Union High-Level Panel on Emerging Technologies (APET), continues to provide African Union Members States with the necessary support to ensure that research on and development of new genetically-based vector control tools are conducted in a responsible manner and in full compliance with safety requirements for human health and the environment for the benefit of African communities.
Public opinion on gene editing
11613P. Thomas, The Ecologist, 2020-05-11 16:10:29.
What does the public think of genetic engineering in food and farming? Is there more acceptance, or less, these days? Have the issues changed over time, or is it just more of the same? How well informed do you believe you are? Beyond GM like you to participate in our survey to help us find out. While many people could be forgiven for thinking the issue of GMOs has gone away, the last few years have been a period of rapid developments in terms of new genetic engineering techniques.
Opinions of key stakeholders on alternative interventions for malaria control and elimination in Tanzania
11461M. F. Finda, N. Christofides, J. Lezaun, B. Tarimo, P. Chaki, A. H. Kelly, N. Kapologwe, P. Kazyoba, B. Emidi and F. O. Okumu, Malaria Journal, 19:164. 2020-04-23 15:13:29.
Malaria control in Tanzania currently relies primarily on long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying, alongside effective case management and behaviour change communication. This study explored opinions of key stakeholders on the national progress towards malaria elimination, the potential of currently available vector control interventions in helping achieve elimination by 2030, and the need for alternative interventions that could be used to supplement malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania.
Public Opinion Towards Gene Drive as a Pest Control Approach for Biodiversity Conservation and the Association of Underlying Worldviews
7348E. A. MacDonald, J. Balanovic, E. D. Edwards, W. Abrahamse, B. Frame, A. Greenaway, R. Kannemeyer, N. Kirk, F. Medvecky, T. L. Milfont, J. C. Russell and D. M. Tompkins, Environmental Communication-a Journal of Nature and Culture, 15:1-16. 2020-01-27 21:27:11.
Synthetic gene drive approaches are nascent technologies with potential applicability for pest control for conservation purposes. Responsible science mandates that society be engaged in a dialogue over new technology, particularly where there exist global ramifications as with gene drive. We hypothesize that public attitudes towards gene drive are not formed on scientific knowledge or demographics alone, but are heavily influenced by underlying worldviews, which encapsulate a broad and interactive system of attitudes, beliefs, and values. To test this, we conducted a national survey in New Zealand (n = 8199) and found that respondents clustered into four distinct segments with underlying worldviews, better able to explain attitudes toward gene drive than either the participants' scientific knowledge or other explanatory factors such demographics, political ideology or religiosity. We found that the use of gene drive for biodiversity conservation currently has moderate (32%) levels of support in New Zealand but that varied substantially across the four segments. Should gene drive become a technically viable approach for pest control, understanding the worldviews that shape public decision-making can guide a more empathetic engagement process and empower society to participate in informed decision-making about if and how gene drive should be used for conservation purposes.
Metaphor, Trust and Support for Non-native Species Control
13833P. A. Kohl, S. J. Collins and M. Eichholz, Environmental Communication, 14:672-685. 2020-01-07 15:29:47.
This experimental study used a representative sample of U.S. residents (N = 1,042) to test whether the use of the term "invasive" increases support for non-native species control efforts. The term invasive had a small influence on support for two out of three non-native species control methods. We also found stronger support for control methods using gene editing technologies than control methods using poison.
A typology of community and stakeholder engagement based on documented examples in the field of novel vector control
6032C. E. Schairer, R. Taitingfong, O. S. Akbari and C. S. Bloss, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13:e0007863. 2019-12-30 20:46:44.
Background Despite broad consensus on the importance of community and stakeholder engagement (CSE) for guiding the development, regulation, field testing, and deployment of emerging vector control technologies (such as genetically engineered insects), the types of activities pursued have varied widely, as have the outcomes. We looked to previous CSE efforts for clarity about appropriate methods and goals. Our analysis yielded a typology of CSE, and related vocabulary, that describes distinctions that funders, organizers, and scholars should make when proposing or evaluating CSE. Methods We compiled available formal documentation of CSE projects, starting with projects mentioned in interviews with 17 key informants. Major features of these examples, including the initiators, target groups, timing, goals, and methods were identified using qualitative coding. Based on these examples, subcategories were developed for a subset of features and applied to the identified cases of CSE in the documents. Co-occurrence of subcategorized features was examined for patterns. Results We identified 14 documented examples CSE projects, which were comprised of 28 distinct CSE activities. We found no clear patterns with respect to timing. However, we found that grouping examples according to whether initiators or targets could enact the immediate desired outcome could help to clarify relationships between goals, methods, and targets.
Community Engagement Prior to a Small-Scale Pilot of the Sterile Insect Technique in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa 2018
25918P. N. Manana, J. Zikhali, D. Dlamini, S. Gumede, N. Mabaso, T. Mpungose and G. Munhenga, Journal of Public Health and Disease Prevention, 2. 2019-12-16 13:14:53.
Approximately 165 000 listeners were engaged during two 30 minute radio interviews at a local radio station. Two hundred and fifty farm workers, several outpatients from primary health care facilities and 1400 secondary school pupils were given education on malaria transmission and control strategies including SIT. Furthermore, two road shows; one in areas around Mamfene and a second at KwaPhuza market, were done. In total, 447 falciparum-specific rapid diagnostic tests were conducted with 20 people testing positive. These patients were immediately treated for malaria. Conclusions: The campaigns showed that the majority of community members are informed concerning malaria transmission and control. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding the SIT as a vector control option. A more extensive public awareness programme on SIT as a vector control strategy is recommended to prepare the community of Mamfene for future small field pilot sterile male mosquito releases.
Peri-Urban Community Attitudes towards Codling Moth Trapping and Suppression Using the Sterile Insect Technique in New Zealand
17774G. Paterson, G. L. W. Perry, J. T. S. Walker and D. M. Suckling, Insects, 10. 2019-10-09 15:21:37.
New, more socially-acceptable technologies are being developed to suppress horticultural pests, because suppression is technically difficult with current technologies, especially in urban areas. One technique involves the release of sterile insects to prevent offspring in the next generation. This technology involves aerial or ground release systems, but this could also create issues for the public. This study investigated community perceptions of a recently-introduced response to codling moth control in New Zealand—Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). Community attitudes to SIT were examined in Hastings, New Zealand, in April, 2018. Eighty-six detailed interviews were undertaken with a random sample of households. This community was very willing (98% agreement) to host a sex pheromone trap in their gardens, and condoned regular visits to monitor traps. Attitudes to SIT were very positive (98% in favor). Once explained, the concept of using unmanned aerial vehicles to deliver sterile insects was also acceptable (98%) to the community. Use of unmanned aerial vehicles to release sterile insects during a hypothetical incursion response of an exotic fruit fly was also supported at 98% by respondent householders. Investigation of community attitudes can be valuable to guide practitioners in determining suitable technologies before an area-wide programme is launched.
Two unresolved issues in community engagement for field trials of genetically modified mosquitoes
13541D. B. Resnik, Pathogens and Global Health, 113:238-245. 2019-09-25 19:32:29.
There is an emerging consensus among scientists, ethicists, and public health officials that substantive and effective engagement with communities and the wider public is required prior to releasing genetically modified mosquitoes into the environment.
Autonomy of Nations and Indigenous Peoples and the Environmental Release of Genetically Engineered Animals with Gene Drives
12398Z. Meghani, Global Policy, 10:554-568. 2019-08-05 18:30:26.
This article contends that the environmental release of genetically engineered (GE) animals with heritable traits that are patented will present a challenge to the efforts of nations and indigenous peoples to engage in self-determination. The environmental release of such animals has been proposed on the grounds that they could function as public health tools or as solutions to the problem of agricultural insect pests. This article brings into focus two political-economic-legal problems that would arise with the environmental release of such organisms. To address those challenges, it is proposed that nations considering the environmental release of GE animals must take into account the underlying circumstances and policy failures that motivate arguments for the use of the modified animals. Moreover, countries must recognize that the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights place on them an obligation to ensure that GE animals with patented heritable traits are not released without the substantive consent of the nations or indigenous peoples that could be affected.
Gene Drives in Africa: Civil Society Speaks Out
13132African Centre for Biodiversity, 2019-07-26 13:51:13.
On Monday 1st July 2019, Target Malaria announced the release of genetically modified (GM) sterile male mosquitoes in Bana, a village in Burkina Faso – the first GM insect to be released in Africa. This is Phase I – by Phase III, Target Malaria aims to release gene drive mosquitoes. This release occurred despite strong opposition from civil society, in Burkina Faso, and across the continent. In this video, key CSO figures discuss their concerns regarding gene drive technology and explain how their governments, and the Africa Union’s, position on gene drives, has been captured.
Biological control of pests and a social model of animal welfare
16284A. Mankad, U. Kennedy and L. Carter, Journal of Environmental Management, 247:313-322. 2019-06-25 17:21:12.
We consider the role of perceived humaneness or, more accurately, animal welfare as it relates to managing invasive species from a scientific and social perspective. In order to highlight and articulate particular nuances and standards across different pest control contexts, we use three case examples (feral cats, wild rabbits, and invasive cane toads) and explore where biological pest control and animal welfare interests intersect.
RISCOS BIOTECNOLÓGICOS AMBIENTAIS E PARTICIPAÇÃO SOCIAL: POR UMA GESTÃO DEMOCRÁTICA DA BIOTECNOLOGIA GENE DRIVE NA ATUAÇÃO DA CTNBIO
23872L. C. Rodrigues, Revista Jurídica (FURB), 22. 2019-03-15 09:15:24.
This research aims to study the way in which the environmental risks of Gene Drive biotechnology challenge forms of effective social participation, inserted in the management of biotechnological risks, whose responsibility lies with the organs linked to the State (CTNBio performance). The method of hypothetical-deductive approach, the method of topical and systematic juridical interpretation and the technique of bibliographic research were used. The conclusion reached was that the need to strengthen the objective sharing of information in an advisory manner to the general public in the face of Gene Drive's biotechnology risks within the framework of the CTNBio from the modification of the current Public Hearings legal model, which gives indications of omissions and lags before the complexity of the theme..
A potential new tool for the toolbox: assessing gene drives for eradicating invasive rodent populations
11550K. J. Campbell, J. R. Saah, P. R. Brown, J. Godwin, F. Gould, G. R. Howald, A. Piaggio, P. Thomas, D. M. Tompkins, D. Threadgill, J. Delborne, D. Kanavy, T. Kuiken, H. Packard, M. Serr and A. Shiels, Island invasives: scaling up to meet the challenge, 2019-03-05 14:59:34.
Invasive rodents have significant negative impacts on island biodiversity. All but the smallest of rodent eradications currently rely on island-wide rodenticide applications. Although signifi cant advances have been made in mitigating unintended impacts, rodent eradication on inhabited islands remains extremely challenging. Current tools restrict eradication eff orts to fewer than 15% of islands with critically endangered or endangered species threatened by invasive rodents. The Genetic Biocontrol of Invasive Rodents partnership is an interdisciplinary collaboration to develop and evaluate gene drive technology for eradicating invasive rodent populations on islands. Technological approaches currently being investigated include the production of multiple strains of Mus musculus with a modifi ed form of the native t-complex, or a CRISPR gene drive, carrying genes or mechanisms that determine sex. These systems have the potential to skew the sex ratio of off spring to approach 100% single-sex, which could result in population collapse. One goal proposed is to test the ability of constructs to spread and increase in frequency in M. musculus populations in biosecure, captive settings and undertake modelling to inform development and potential deployment of these systems. Structured ecologically-based risk assessments are proposed, along with social and cultural engagement to assess the acceptability of releasing a gene drive system. Work will be guided by an external ethics advisory board. Partners are from three countries with significant regulatory capacity (USA, Australia, New Zealand). Thus, we will seek data sharing agreements so that results from experiments may be used within all three countries and treat regulatory requirements as a minimum. Species-specific, scalable, and socially acceptable new eradication tools could produce substantial biodiversity benefits not possible with current technologies. Gene drive innovation may provide such a tool for invasive species management and be potentially transformative and worthy of exploring in an inclusive, responsible, and ethical manner.
Public engagement pathways for emerging GM insect technologies
5640Burgess, M. M., J. D. Mumford and J. V. Lavery, BMC Proceedings, 12(Suppl 8):12. 2018-12-17 17:02:52.
Policy and management related to the release of organisms generated by emerging biotechnologies for pest management should be informed through public engagement. Regulatory decisions can be conceptually distinguished into the development of frameworks, the assessment of the release of a specific modified organism, and implementation decisions such as location and timing. Although these decisions are often intertwined in practice, the negotiation takes place at different stages of technology development and suggests different roles for public engagement. Some approaches to public engagement are more appropriate for different purposes and situations, and it is not always obvious how to go about matching the approach to the purpose. In addition to the diverse technologies involved in generating modified organisms, there are diverse publics with particular interests and different kinds of knowledge. Institutional interests range from commercial development to public regulation and future uptake. Contextual features, such as agency mandates, may limit or structure the extent and approach to public engagement. Different convening groups (government agencies, public interest groups, academics, businesses) and the kind of decision that is being considered determine what kind of input is needed and how the engaging groups will be constituted. This paper considers how the context of the release of genetically modified insects for pest control requires expanding approaches to the design of the public engagement.
Gene Drives
6636SciLine, SciLine, 2018-04-25 20:09:28.
For many years now, scientists have been able to alter genes inside microbial, plant, and animal cells to change organisms’ traits, creating, for example, plants that produce their own protective insecticides and fish that grow to maturity almost twice as fast as normal. But while it has become practically routine for scientists to genetically alter individual organisms, a new set of advances promises something much more ambitious: the ability to propagate new genetic traits* into entire populations over just a few generations. Rapid, population-wide dissemination of new traits is challenging because in most sexually reproducing species, only half of an individual’s offspring will inherit any given version of a gene.
The ethical implications of population suppression and the irreversibility of gene drives
14167J. Kim, International Journal of Life Sciences Research, 2018-04-01 14:11:25.
This paper aims to examine the current situation by presenting important ethical arguments that include Chardin’s principle of irreversibility and Weiss’ beliefs on intergenerational equity, ideals upheld by the United Nations
Gene drives and the management of agricultural pests
13810R. F. Medina, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5:S255-S262. 2018-01-24 16:01:13.
Like all pest control strategies, gene drives are not hazard-free. Ecological risk assessment of gene drives designed to control agricultural pests should be conducted before their deployment. The present commentary provides some thoughts on some of the issues one should consider when contemplating using gene drives in the management of agricultural pests.
Summary
13808Committee on Gene Drive Research in Non-Human Organisms: Recommendations for Responsible, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5:S243-S254. 2018-01-24 15:58:19.
Scientists have studied gene drives for more than 50 years. The development of a powerful genome editing tool in 2012, CRISPR/Cas9,1 led to recent breakthroughs in gene drive research that built on that half century’s worth of knowledge, and stimulated new discussion of the potential applications and implications of gene drive technologies.
Anomaly handling and the politics of gene drives
13806S. W. Evans and M. J. Palmer, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5:S223-S242. 2018-01-24 15:56:09.
Decisions about the development and use of gene drives are framing broader debates about the need for fundamental changes to biotechnology regulatory systems. We summarize this debate and describe how gene drives are being constructed as potential anomalies within the regulatory landscape.
A roadmap for gene drives: using institutional analysis and development to frame research needs and governance in a systems context
13790J. Kuzma, F. Gould, Z. Brown, J. Collins, J. Delborne, E. Frow, K. Esvelt, D. Guston, C. Leitschuh, K. Oye and S. Stauffer, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5:S13-S39. 2018-01-24 15:34:37.
This paper reports on a workshop held in February 2016 to explore the complex intersection of political, economic, ethical, and ecological risk issues associated with gene drives. Workshop participants were encouraged to use systems thinking and mapping to describe the connections among social, policy, economic, and ecological variables as they intersect within governance systems. In this paper, we analyze the workshop transcripts and maps using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework to categorize variables associated with gene drive governance and account for the complexities of socio-ecological systems.
Mapping research and governance needs for gene drives
13788J. Delborne, J. Kuzma, F. Gould, E. Frow, C. Leitschuh and J. Sudweeks, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5:S4-S12. 2018-01-24 15:28:09.
This special issue represents both deep and broad thinking about gene drives. The papers were first drafted nearly two years ago, and since then have been reviewed and revised to flesh out key arguments and take account of ongoing developments in the field. This field has moved very fast indeed! Technical research publications have increased in number; NASEM released a major report in June 2016; and workshops have proliferated.
Gene drives and the expanding horizon of governance
13786E. Fisher, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5:S1-S3. 2018-01-24 15:23:59.
Like other areas of emerging science and technology that trigger prolonged public debate over their transformative prospects, gene drives simultaneously generate prospects for new knowledge, hoped-for benefits, and formidable concerns. Their ability to bias inheritance of and in theory spread a genetic trait throughout an entire population of organisms—even to the point of extinction—is driving home the need for their responsible governance. Significantly, it is also driving home the need to develop capacities for such governance.
Identifying and detecting potentially adverse ecological outcomes associated with the release of gene-drive modified organisms
3980Hayes, KRH, G. R.; Dana, G. V.; Foster, S. D.; Ford, J. H.; Thresher, R.; Ickowicz, A.; Peel, D.; Tizard, M.; De Barro, P.; Strive, T.; Dambacher, J. M., Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5:S139-S158. 2018-01-18 00:00:00.
Synthetic gene drives could provide new solutions to a range of old problems such as controlling vector-borne diseases, agricultural pests and invasive species. In this paper, we outline methods to identify hazards and detect potentially adverse ecological outcomes at the individual (genotype, phenotype), population, community and ecosystem level, when progressing Gene Drive Modified Organisms through a phased test and release pathway. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of checklists and structured hazard analysis techniques, identify methods to help meet some of the challenges of detecting adverse ecological outcomes in experiments and confined field trials, and discuss ways to improve the efficiency and statistical rigour of post-release monitoring strategies.
Harnessing gene drive
3996Min, JS, Andrea L.; Najjar, Devora; Esvelt, Kevin M., Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5:S40-S65. 2018-01-14 00:00:00.
When scientists alter the genome of an organism, we typically reduce its ability to reproduce in the wild. This limitation has prevented researchers from rendering wild insects unable to spread disease, programing pests to ignore our crops, using genetics to precisely remove environmentally damaging invasive species, and much more. Gene drive occurs when a vertically transmitted genetic element reliably spreads through a population over generations despite providing no reproductive advantage to each host organism. Until recently, scientific efforts to take advantage of this natural phenomenon achieved only limited success. The advent of CRISPR genome editing has dramatically accelerated efforts to harness gene drive. Small groups of scientists may now be capable of unilaterally altering entire wild populations, and through them, the shared environment. Determining whether, when, and how to develop gene drive interventions responsibly will be a defining challenge of our time. Here we describe capabilities, safeguards, applications, and opportunities relevant to gene drive technologies.
Community engagement and field trials of genetically modified insects and animals
5913Neuhaus, C. P., Hastings Center Report, 48:25-36. 2018-01-01 16:29:11.
New techniques for the genetic modification of organisms are creating new strategies for addressing persistent public health challenges. For example, the company Oxitec has conducted field trials internationally?and has attempted to conduct field trials in the United States?of a genetically modified mosquito that can be used to control dengue, Zika, and some other mosquito-borne diseases. In 2016, a report commissioned by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine discussed the potential benefits and risks of another strategy, using gene drives. Driving a desired genotype through a population of wild animals or insects could lead to irreversible genetic modification of an entire species. The NASEM report recommends community, stakeholder, and public engagement about potential uses of the technology, and it argues that the engagement should occur as research advances, well before gene drives are deployed. Yet what ?engagement? means in practice is unclear. This article seeks clarity on this problem by offering a justification for community engagement and drawing out implications of this argument for the implementation and desired outcomes of community engagement. Community engagement is essential when it comes to research that would release genetically modified insects or animals into the environment. By contrast, obtaining informed consent from people who live near such a proposed field trial is neither necessary nor sufficient. Drawing on the epistemic and moral arguments for deliberative democracy, I propose two discrete mechanisms of community engagement: community advisory boards and deliberative forums, neither of which has been systematically incorporated into research governance. The proposed mechanisms would engender respect for persons who live near field trials, even when the results of deliberation override some individuals? preferences. Community engagement foregrounds the community in our thinking about humans? relationship to nature, and it implies that deciding to release genetically modified insects or animals into the wild ought to be a collective decision, not one made by product developers, policy-makers, private companies, research funders, or scientists alone.
Informed consent in field trials of gene-drive mosquitoes
15682P. A. Kolopack and J. V. Lavery, Gates Open Research, 2017-12-11 14:46:00.
We argue that informed consent from individual research participants in gene drive trials may be required: (1) when blood and other forms of clinical data are collected from them, as will likely be the case in some studies involving epidemiological endpoints, such as the incidence of new infections with dengue and malaria; (2) when they participate in social science and/or behavioral research involving the completion of surveys and questionnaires; or (3) when their home or property is accessed and the location recorded as a spatial variable for the release or collection of mosquitoes because the precise location of the household is important for entomological reasons and these data constitute identifiable private information at the household level. Importantly, most regulations and guidelines allow these requirements to be waived or modified, to various degrees, according to the judgment of Institutional Review Boards.
The potential for the use of gene drives for pest control in New Zealand: a perspective
14253P. K. Dearden, N. J. Gemmell, O. R. Mercier, P. J. Lester, M. J. Scott, R. D. Newcomb, T. R. Buckley, J. M. E. Jacobs, S. G. Goldson and D. R. Penman, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 48:225-244. 2017-10-25 14:20:45.
Here we describe the current state of gene drive technologies and present a series of examples to examine the potential benefits and problems arising from gene drive approaches for pest control in New Zealand.
Using CRISPR-based gene drive for agriculture pest control
13621V. Courtier-Orgogozo, B. Morizot and C. Boëte, EMBO Reports, 18:1481. 2017-09-01 13:15:07.
The authors respond to comments to their publication 10.15252/embr.201744205
Perceptions and recommendations by scientists for a potential release of genetically modified mosquitoes in Nigeria
12394P. N. Okorie, J. M. Marshall, O. M. Akpa and O. G. Ademowo, Malaria Journal, 13:154. 2014-04-23 18:22:17.
The use of genetically modified mosquitoes (GMMs) for the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases has been proposed in malaria-endemic countries, such as Nigeria, which has the largest burden in Africa. Scientists are major stakeholders whose opinions and perceptions can adversely affect the success of the trials of GMMs if they are not involved early. Unfortunately, information on the awareness of Nigerians scientists and their overall perception of the GMMs is practically non-existent in the literature. Therefore, this study aimed at understanding how receptive Nigerian scientists are to a potential release of GMMs for the control of malaria.
